Racism and video games Essay

Computer games are not what a great many people would go to when they consider racial discussion, yet every media medium has had their own type of contention one that happened most as of late was the arrival of a game called Resident Evil 5 which is revolved around a person named Chris Redfield who is essentially in a FBI like gathering based on murdering zombies. As you may have visitor this isn't the first in the arrangement of the game the arrangement has been around for around 15 years and has had been set in a wide range of nations and such executed numerous an alternate zombies. The makers needed to set this specific game in Africa when the trailer was discharged the was a bigotry guarantee against the game in light of the fact that Chris is white person circumventing slaughtering dark zombies it was so awful the game discharge date was pushed supported and slight changes were made Chris was given a dark side kick named Sheva Alomar. The second trailer for the game, discharged on May 31, 2008, uncovered an all the more racially differing gathering of foes, just as Sheva, a BSAA operator who helps the hero. Be that as it may, creator Jun Takeuchi denied that objections about bigotry had any impact in modifying the plan of Resident Evil 5. Takeuchi remarked that the game’s makers were astonished by the contention. In a meeting with MTV, he clarified that Capcom’s staff is racially assorted, and recognized that different societies may have had various feelings on the trailer. In a meeting with Computer and Video Games, maker Masachika Kawata additionally remarked on the issue, expressing, â€Å"We can’t please everybody. We’re in the amusement business †we’re not here to express our political feeling or anything like that. It’s terrible that a few people felt that way. † Well actually as an individual of African American better than average while me by and by isn't irritated I can see where a few people can be fairly insulted however it’s set in Africa what sort of zombies do you think Chris is going murder. There just zombies not treatments and he isn't going around assaulting and lynching individuals. I for one think the extent that computer game African Americans are pretty much emblematically demolished as opposed to video games having supremacist propensities toward us as a race of individuals. Furthermore, what I mean by that is you don’t truly observe that many individuals of color in computer game as primary characters. There are a couple, Cj from Grand robbery Auto 3 San Andreas Is one that rings a bell yet his game is brimming with generalizations about the â€Å"Hood† And I’m not going to stay here and lie I played this game and appreciated it back in center school. As far I know there are just a couple genuinely unquestionably bigot games one them being Custer’s Revenge In the game, the player controls the character of General George Armstrong Custer, delineated as a man wearing only a rangers cap, boots, and a handkerchief, brandishing an obvious erection. Custer needs to conquer bolt assaults to arrive at the opposite side of the screen. He will probably engage in sexual relations with a stripped, huge breasted Native American lady named Revenge. (What's more, Yes This Game Dose Exist however it was discharged back on the Atari 2600 in the 80’s here a wikiapiea interface http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Custer’s_Revenge ) Even with this game it’s was not authorized by Atari and nor did Atari have anything to do with its creation. The computer game medium has become an exceptionally large piece of media and I don't believe that anybody in their correct brain would even consider discharging anything racially hostile to anybody on the off chance that they need to continue making the multimillions that they keep on making. As I expressed before I would state that computer game would almost certain be a possibility for social obliteration more whatever else I might want to progressively individuals of color in computer games tearing it up thus far we have a couple however not as much as I might want well I surmise it’s only even more an individual inclination than everything else.

A coin toss :: essays research papers

A Coin Toss I guess one could state there are different sides to each coin. The coin acting naturally, I realize that this announcement is valid. In spite of the fact that I am an individual of a wide range of attributes, I fundamentally come down to the individual I am and the individual I plan to be. What is simply the objective, I inquire. Such a significant number of individuals endeavor to be such a large number of things. For some the point is cash, excellence, security, power, impact; who has the most delightful house, who has the quickest vehicle the rundown continues forever. Not that any of these things are awful all by themselves, however the good and moral guidelines of our general public have been abandoned in the quest for these delights. Things being what they are, what is significant? Is character even required in the new century? Here is the place I need to accept that a great many people are in a similar pickle that I get myself: how would I carry on with a cheerful, effective life in the organization of others? Is my main event and how I treat everyone around me going to impact the world I live in? I accept the appropriate response is yes. Simply think-if everybody acted anyway they needed to, our reality be turmoil! Why? Since individuals act and react upon their moral worth framework. Presently, are everyone’s good and moral gauges the equivalent? No, clearly a wide range of individuals settle on a wide range of choices both good and bad. Be that as it may, as C.S. Lewis remarked in his book Mere Christianity (21), â€Å"human creatures, everywhere throughout the earth, have this inquisitive thought that they should carry on with a particular goal in mind, and can't generally dispose of it†, and besides, â€Å"that they don't in certainty act in that way.† Individuals do expect a specific standard from one another, and it is here that we locate a higher law squeezing upon us, including factors that range across time, societies, nationalities, and so forth. We call this the Moral Law or the Law of Human Nature. For instance, among each country the individuals concur that murder is ethically off-base and ought to be rebuffed. Moral obligation obliges individuals to act decently, truly, evenhandedly, and so on. I raise this issue since this is the thing that gives a structure to my character. My character is created from the convictions and measures I discover present in my life, the Moral Law being the most elevated one. Presently, individuals may contend that moral qualities and ethics are comparative with every unique individual and circumstance, in any case, relativism not just expels the requirement for absolutes, it grays the lines to what individuals have settled upon as good and bad.

Why SEO Required for Blogger

Why SEO Required for Blogger SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization. The most important feature of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is to make your website compatible and Search Engine friendly for both users and search engine robots to understand. Although search engines getting sophisticated due to changes of SEO rules, still in different ways Search Engine still can't see and understand a web page the same way a human does. SEO helps the engines figure out about each and every webpage pages, and how it may be useful for users. So SEO is required to grow your website as well as for your online business. However more optimized means more traffic and incase of business it means more money. A better optimized website or blog receive more than 50% traffic than poor optimized sites. So there has no alternative of SEO (Search Engine Optimization). So SEO is required for blogger to get higher rank and for SERPs. Understanding SERPs (Search Engine Result Pages) If you are make ton of search daily all over the web and spend longer time on search engine (e.g. Google, Bing search engine) then you would see when you write something for search on search box then a list of search result would display instantly thousands of results. The search result shows in page is known as Search Engine Result Pages (SERPs) But what you do just look through some selected search result which display on higher list. Visitors always give priority on search result which is on higher or top position. Suppose after making search then generally visitors look through 1st to 3rd result among 10 result and most of the visitors go for second page if they get their desired link on first page. However this is happen in case of exclusive content. To get enlisted in higher position on SERPs you have to practice proper SEO techniques. Those sites which uses proper SEO techniquesthat can be found and ranked higher than thousands of other websites in the search engine. Diverting enormous traffic Search Engine Optimization helps a lot. How Search Engines Works You may think Search Engine is controlling by human or some expert engineer. But there has not any smart engineer build a search engine permanent rule that requires for a websites to follow certain rules or principles in order to be ranked or indexed rapidly. Because this Search Engine algorithmsrules is not unchangeable and you have to cope with all the latest changed rules. A Search Engine view a website based on different aspects such as, Texts, Inbound and outbound links, Keywords and many more. Which site is rich with those aspects they got higher rank and popularity on Search Engine. Routes of Search Engines Search Engine follow different routes for optimized and not optimized sites. There are some major works by search engine- Crawling Processing Indexing Relevancy calculation Retrieving Crawling If you have few knowledge about Search Engine then you would hear about the spider or crawler which performs crawling task.If your site has a good rank then Search Engine crawl more often and you would get traffic from SERPs. Processing Search Engine Process your site and gather information whether your site is good or spammy. Obviously Search Engine accept a good site with rich content positively and penalize or ban a spammy site after collecting necessary information. Indexing Indexing is most important part for Search Engine because if it doesnt index our website links then it wont appear in Search results. Spider do this tough job but it is not possible for him regularly. Sometime spiders even end up not visiting a particular site for one or two months. Relevancy calculation Relevancy calculation is very important because after calculating relevancy it crawl a website according to relevant search query. Retrieving Retrieving always is a routine work of Search Engine if your site affected by Malware or any other virus then Search Engine retrieve and save your site. If your site can cope with the above routes successfully then your sites link would get place higher in Search Engine algorithms. How Search Engine Understand about your objects I have already discussed about how search engine can understand an optimized sites content. Now a question may come in our mind how search engine get aware about your image or objects? A proper image optimization can make understandable your image. An optimized image cope with title tag and alt tag. And this tags helps search engine to identify about your image. Suppose you have uses an image of Rose flower on your blog content then you have written Rose flower on title tag and alt tag, as a result search engine will take information from title tag and alt tag and easily understand what the picture is about. So it is often important to optimize your blog, title, content as well as images. Better optimization means better position in SERPs. Concluding Remarks Finally from my past experience I would say without search engine optimization you wont able to become a successful blogger or online businessman. There is a misconception that higher ranked website get more traffic but I would say its wrong because proper optimized site receive more traffic than higher ranked site. Nevertheless search engine is not stable so you have to be up-to-date about latest search engine rules. You wont believe that there are thousands of SEO firms and sites has built for website optimization and they are operating their business successfully. Because SEO has a good value to grow thats why huge company and site owners investing money on it. There is a good news from BloggerSpice visitors that we are providing best and updates SEO guidelines absolutely free. You can get directly regular SEO updates into your mail box by sigining up with our RSS feed.

My Reading Of Reign Of Error By Diane Ravitch - 861 Words

In my reading of Reign of Error by Diane Ravitch, I believe that she brings some great ideas to the table in an effort to improve American public schools. This book was interesting the whole way through. It’s a very thought provoking book to say the least. Ravitch is a wonderful writer as well as a passionate educator. She has a background in governmental affairs by serving as assistant secretary of education for George H. W. Bush. Ravitch is not in agreement with the Federal government’s policies and furthermore believes that the American public education is not broken but is headed downhill if society continues to abide by the policies set. Ravitch believes that since the government is incorrect in their diagnosis of the system they are also wrong in their attempt to provide solutions. I have only been teaching for two years, but I have been in the education field a total of four years including field experiences, student teaching, and two years as a teacher. As I c ompare my experiences of being the student and being the teacher, I am left with one thing in mind; things have changed! I agree with Ravitch in saying that the major changes that are occurring in American education are affecting it in a negative way. I’m from a local agricultural driven community. To my knowledge, stake holders and policymakers don’t tell our local farmers how to grow their crops and when to harvest them, so why do they find it necessary to tell the people that they trust educating their kidsShow MoreRelatedReign Of Error : The Hoax Of The Privatization Movement And The Danger Of America s Public Schools1029 Words   |  5 Pagesextracurricular activities and athletic teams. Sadly, many public schools across the country do not have these opportunities. The Diane Ravitch book: Reign of Error: The Hoax of the Privatization Movement and the Danger to America’s Public Schools, focuses upon Ravitch’s opinion on this important issue. Since th e No Child Left Behind Act was passed in 2001, schools have focused on math and reading scores; because of this, schools have disregarded and cut back on other subjects that they are not being tested onRead MoreThe Life Of Error, By Diane Ravitch856 Words   |  4 Pages In Reign of Error, Diane Ravitch covers her opinions on American education in public schools. Along with this, she gives multiple solutions to the issues that started in the education system in the 1980 s by the federal government and are still having a consequence on America today. Ravitch focuses in on the ineffectiveness of educational reforms and legislation put in place for teachers and school districts. For example, she states, When evidence is lacking, we should not move forward with aRead More`` Reign Of Error Is American Education For The Lives Of Our Children? Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesDiane Ravitch, an â€Å"educational historian†, answers four questions in her book, Reign of Error. Is American education in crisis? Is American education failing or declining? What is the evidence for reform being promoted by the government and adopted by many states? What should we do to improve our schools and the lives of our children? According to Ravitch, the †Å"crisis† concerning American education is actually a myth. In this book, she addresses myth after myth providing adequate clarityRead MoreThe Classrooms Influence On Society1222 Words   |  5 Pagesnot trying to hide my students from the world around them; we will talk about current issues, in an age appropriate manner. I, similarly to Counts believe not either administrative or progressive, but a mixture of the two. â€Å"But this is to create a wholly artificial situation: the choice should not be limited to these two extremes. Indeed today neither extreme is possible.† (Counts, 1932, p. 9) Students should have the opportunities to learn about many different subjects. In my classroom, I willRead MoreThe Importance Of Education1813 Words   |  8 Pagesfocus on grades many schools stress subjects that are standardized and tested by the government, courses such as math, science, reading, and writing. While these subjects are beneficial, the focus on them ofte n comes at a cost to other vital subjects. Diane Ravitch, an accredited scholar of education, has discussed the issue of standardized testing in her book, â€Å"Reign of Error: the Hoax of the Privatization Movement and the Danger to America s Public Schools† she states that, â€Å"Because Federal policies

The Issue of Over Population in the Earth Essay - 942 Words

Overpopulation is a hot topic that is becoming a well-known problem that our world faces. At times you can see how our planet may not be big enough for all of us. Family vacations seem less fun due to too long lines. Traffic can seem like it’s at a stand-still in the cities and all the while we think that there are so many other problems to focus our attention on. It would be easy to focus on global warming, or we could admit to ourselves that if the world did not have so many people pollution would be at a lower rate. The fact is that eventually the human fertility to mortality rate needs to even out soon, or else Mother Nature may start taking things into her own hands. The issue of overpopulation in the world is one that is very†¦show more content†¦Another possible cause to over population could be the fact that humans don’t have to worry about animals coming in and taking our land; we can keep expanding and taking what we want from nature when we want it. The only thing standing in our way of expanding is Mother Nature, but we have been growing at a rate that Mother Nature will have to do something drastic to slow us down. Over population, a big problem today and the effects of it can be seen throughout many other global issues. First of all food, with so many people on the earth all needing to be nourished we do not have the capacity to feed everyone which is why so many people have to live in hunger. Also along the food lines cannot keep on planting in the same fields, â€Å"Overpopulation has raised the demand for food. As farmlands are lost from overuse, more and more pesticides will be required to produce crops† (World Population Awareness). This in itself could pose to be a big problem. If we have to start relying heavily on pesticides to produce foods it could easily get in to the population water supply, in turn killing many more people. Another effect that we can see is the gas crisis; this again comes from too many people using up too many resources. If in, â€Å"2050 the world population will explode from today’s 7 billion to 10 billion† (Ferrell Paul). Then that is going to end up meaning more people needing to use upShow MoreRelatedHuman Population Growth And The Environment Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesHuman population growth has exploded in recent years and the impact to the environment is what I am going to describe in this paper. I am going to explain the issues population has caused as well as the biblical principles for environmental stewardship. Next I will describe important factors that contribute to the issues that population growth brings to the environment. I will then describe the effect population has on people and the environment. Finally, I will explain a long term strategy withRead MoreThe Overpopulation Of The Human Race1377 Words   |  6 Pagesrace is killing the earth due to the consumption of natural resources and not taking care of our planet. The human race as of the twenty-first century is similar to a parasite. Humans consume everything we can and do not help those resources grow back. The human race is also driving animals out of their habitats, taking over those habitats and in that process putting more animals on the endangered species index. The human population needs to be reduced in order to try to save earth or so the next planetRead MoreHuman Population Growing Every Day Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesWith the human population growing every day, can Earth support all of the additional population? If the answer is no, is it as simple as just changing or life or are there simply to many people on the planet? This q uestion is brought up a lot when talking about human population and other questions are usually brought up like: is there enough space, is there enough food, is there enough water, what are we going to do if we run out of natural resources, and what are we supposed to do with all of theRead MoreThe Problem Of Space Research1329 Words   |  6 Pages The government must continue to fund space research in order to colonize and contain the current overpopulation as well as other global issues on Earth. Space research involves scientific studies launched with specific equipment to outer space, and provides a broad category of research disciplines such as: Earth science, Materials science, Biology, Medicine etc. Many complain of how costly space research is, with missions that have a total cost of up to 1.6 billion dollars, many feel that it’s notRead MoreEnvironmental Sustainability And Environmental Management Strategies Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pages Over the centuries there has been countless researches into environmental issues that pose threat to the population, but remains unresolved due to the increasing global population. It can be argued that certain environmental management strategies have been adopted to minimise the environmental risk on the population growth which possibly could become a threat to the global vi llage. Although, there are strategies to manage the environmental issues, a sector-wide approach is required from developedRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Major Challenge That Humans Face Today1199 Words   |  5 Pages Overpopulation is a major challenge that humans face today. The human population is close to 8 billion, and at our current birthrate, we are adding nearly one billion more people every 12 years. Issues such as dependence of natural resources, degradation of the environment, poverty, and unemployment, are root causes of overpopulation. Though opponents of this theory, such as Erle C. Ellis uses archeological records, and the history of human evolution to argue against overpopulation. Robert WalkerRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On Human Population1458 Words   |  6 Pagesyears, the population of the world has gone from about 2 million people to just over 7 million people. With this drastic change in population in such a short period of time compared to the total age of the earth, problems are no doubtable going to arise. From the demand of the ever rising human population on the earth, food accessibility, depletion of natural resources, and an increase in global warming affe cts all have detrimental consequences on our human population and our own earth that may notRead MoreThe Population Of Humans On Earth1468 Words   |  6 PagesPopulation Throughout most of human history, the population of humans on earth has been kept in check by environmental factors. With humans relying completely on the resources near to them, if a population began to grow too large it would be held back by a need for resources such as food and water. Once a civilisation grew large enough to have the food produced outside of larger cities and sold to the people in the cities, Diseases were the main factor holding population in check. However in theRead MoreThe Representation Of Human Population1498 Words   |  6 PagesMovie directors predicting humanity coming to an end because of population density may not be as preposterous as society thought. Population is defined as the amount of same species sustaining in a certain region, for humans that would be Earth. The graphical representation of human population increase from the beginning of history was a slightly inclined horizontal line, however that all changed after the industrial revolution (m ore industry, jobs, sustainability, etc.) and from that moment on toRead MoreThe Natural Resources Of Fresh Water1558 Words   |  7 Pages The earth has many different natural resources that it is made up of. Some of these resources include oxygen, soil, food, and most of all water. However, one of them is increasingly becoming scarce and it is a problem that not everybody is aware of. This resource is water, but not just regular water or salt water, fresh water. The earth is made up of 70% water. Out of that 70%, only 2.5% is fresh water which is mostly locked up in ice caps and glaciers. The amount of fresh water on earth that is

Role Of The Thief Takers During Early Civilizations

1. Fifth-century- Organized police departments were rare in early civilizations. Rome created the first specialized investigate unit. These units were known as Questors, or trackers of murder. Also around this time Roman emperor Augustus picked special, highly qualified members of the military to form the Praetorian Guard which could be considered the first police officers. Their job was to protect the palace and the emperor. Vigiles were known as early roman firefighters and were eventually also given law enforcement responsibilities. 2. Seventeenth-Century- English policing systems used a form of individual, private police called thief-takers. These private citizens had no official status and were paid by the king for every†¦show more content†¦5. Policing from 1960 to 1970- Supreme court made more decisions. The civil rights movement happened. Police started to respond to Civil Disobedience. Also around this time the Vietnam war was happening, many anti-Vietnam war demonstrations were happening. Campus disorders began to happen. Also urban riots started to occur. 6. Policing in the 1980 to 1990- Computer revolution in policing began. A drastic reduction in violent crimes started to happen. CompStat which is year-to-date statistics for criminal complaints and arrests. The Rodney King incident happen giving police a bad name. Riots began resulting from racial and civil unrest. 7. Policing in the 2000 s- Police corruption issues resurfaced. A notable amount of crime reductions occurred. The terrorist attack known as 9/11 happened and its aftermath. Homeland security came about and also the U.S.A. Patriot Act. Hurricane Katrina occurred, many corrupt cops left after the hurricane hit instead of lending a helping hand. The Era that I feel like had the most impact in policing was the 2000 s. I feel like this era had the most impact in policing because after the terrorist attack known as 9/11 happened I feel like police officers had to make changes amongst themselves. Before 9/11 happened, police officers didn t know how to address a terrorist attack. After this tragic event happen, I believe police departments had to start training officers for situations like terrorism toShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology

Open Campus Lunch free essay sample

Open campus lunch is a controversial topic that can often be â€Å"swept under the rug† so to speak. Schools often have closed campus lunch because an open campus lunch runs the risk of after lunch truancies, but there are many benefits to open campus lunch they may not realize. More money in Montgomery County, more places to eat, and longer lunch periods, are a few reasons why open campus lunch would be a better alternative. Montgomery Independent School District has a closed campus lunch policy which means that the students may not leave the campus during their lunch period. Each lunch period is around 25 minutes long and the students must wait in long lines to get their food and when they sit down to eat they must eat quickly which can result in stomach aches. Adopting the open campus policy could benefit the community as well. For example, if the students were allowed to eat at the restaurants around town, the amount of money Montgomery is receiving would be bigger because the students would be spending money eating every day. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Campus Lunch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To accommodate the spending of more money and the growth of our city, more places to eat would open up because the demand of food would be greater. With more places to eat, Montgomery County would grow, because of our newfound places to eat and money being spent on food. Students often forget things, may they be books, papers, projects, you name it. With longer lunch periods the students would be able to go to their house and pick up any forgotten items. If a student forgets their history book, or maybe an English essay, they could run to their house really fast and pick it up and not have to worry about any late grades or missing assignments. Say a student does not have computer access at home, they would be able to go to the library at lunch and type their assignments, finish any computer work, print something, or do some research for a project. Some faculty might argue that the students that cannot drive would not have the advantage of eating off campus lunch, but those students could have a friend drive them, or they could just have lunch in the cafeteria. We all have the years we cannot drive, we just have to go through it. When they are eligible to get their license then they would have the benefits of open campus lunch. School lunches can get to be very expensive and under portioned sometimes. Kids often go to class after lunch not feeling satisfied but do not have the money to buy â€Å"extras. † Open campus lunch would give the student’s free reign to decide for themselves what they eat, where they eat, and how much they eat. Montgomery Independent School District should reconsider their closed campus lunch policy. Instead of three lunches, if we only had one lunch and it was much longer, then that would give students time to go eat, pick up what they need to pick up, and finish anything they might need to finish. There needs to be a change in the lunch policy and it needs to start with longer lunch periods, and open campus lunch.

Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence

Abstract Background: The developmental relationships between child maltreatment, youth violence, and intimate partner violence (IPV) are well documented. However, very few studies document the relationship between child abuse/maltreatment and youth violence as separate entities. In the present study, the relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence is examined in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Method: Using a quasi-experimental design, the present study will examine the conduct/behavior of 14,000 participants drawn from different parts of the United States. Further, the researchers will collect data from three different waves of measurements using three various forms of questionnaires. Subsequently, the data will be analyzed using the STATA SE (Version 9) software application to evaluate the impact of different kinds of child violence on the development and perpetration of youth violence in later stages of lifespan development. Results: Relative to non-victims, the results of the present study are expected to show a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors. Furthermore, it is expected that the percentage probability that abused victims will perpetrate youth violence in the future is expected to be higher than that recorded in previous studies. Conversely, gender differences are also expected in the way males and females respond to different forms of child maltreatment in perpetrating youth violence in later stages of lifespan development. Conclusion: From the study findings, it will be apparent that there is a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors. Introduction Literatur e Review It is certain that many socio-economic risk factors are implicated in the development and progression of youth violence. However, there are relatively few research studies documenting the impact of child maltreatment and abuse on the future perpetuation of youth violence. As a result, the present study takes a closer look into the relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence as separate entities through evaluating the cycle of violence among a specific group of participants right from preschool stage to adolescence. In this way, the study aims at providing insights into youth violence across the lifespan development process in order to inform future programs aimed at designing prevention intervention strategies for violent youth.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Accordingly, most preliminary studies have documented the relationship between child maltreat ment and youth violence in the presence of other factors such as domestic violence and intimate partner violence (IPV), and thus, locking out further investigations into the individual contribution of child maltreatment in the development of youth violence. Here, Fang and Corso (2007, p. 281) examined the development of interrelationships among different forms of child abuse, intimate partner violence (IPV), and youth violence relative to a host other factors such as contextual, family background, and socio-economic factors. The study utilizes data on self-reported incidences among participants drawn from a representative sample at a national level to analyze various developmental relationships between different variables. The study results suggest that relative to non-victims, victims experiencing child abuse/maltreatment demonstrate a higher probability toward engaging in youth violence as they grow. Further, the study notes that the likelihood that abused female children will bec ome violent youth ranges from 1.2% to about 6.6%, and for abused male children, the probability ranges from 3.7% to about 11.9% with variations occurring relative to different forms of child abuse/maltreatment (Fang Corso, 2007, pp. 281-290; ScienceDaily, 2007, p. 1 of 1). However, the study is limited in that it fails to account for the gender differences observed in youth violence among the participants. Further research documents that in the presence of domestic violence and child maltreatment, which are suspected to occur in the same social set up at the same time, there is an increased probability that children raised in violent environments will become violent youth in future (Carter, 2004, para. 1). Furthermore, Carter (2004, para. 1-10) notes that the socio-economic risk factors observed in youth violence closely resemble those observed in domestic violence and child maltreatment. This then leaves one wondering whether the relationship between child maltreatment and youth v iolence is unidirectional or multidimensional. Moreover, very few research studies document the link between child abuse and youth violence in the presence of various socio-economic risk factors and protective factors, which according to Cox, Kotch, and Everson (2003, p. 6) play a significant role in modifying the developmental relationships between child abuse/maltreatment and youth violence. Here, Cox et al. (2003, pp. 5-16) posit that various socio-economic factors such as young maternal age, low income, lack of religious intervention, low education, divorce, and separation from caregivers are implicated in child maltreatment and subsequently in youth violence among the victims rather than the non-victims.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conversely, additional studies note that in predicting youth violence, va rious factors such as the bonds between the family and children, involvement in school activities, bonds with antisocial/violent peers, and one’s perspective of the use violence provide clear insights into the link between child abuse and youth violence. Here, the study employs 457 children who are examined right from preschool stage through adolescence, and the results suggest that child abuse/maltreatment is highly mediated by different socio-economic factors, which will also influence the impact of child abuse in youth violence in later stages of lifespan development (Herrenkohl et al., 2003, pp. 1189-1208). This study employs the correct approach in examining the link between child abuse and youth violence. However, it is limited in terms of sample size since the number of participants does not reflect the status at the national level. As a result, the present study will utilize the same approach through conducting a longitudinal study involving a national representative sample of children in order to investigate the link between child maltreatment and youth violence right from preschool stage through adolescence. This study it is hypothesized that there is a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of various socio-economic risk factors. Further, gender differences are expected in terms of how males and females are impacted by child maltreatment as they develop into violent youth. Methodology Participants The study entails 14,000 participants (7,000 males and 7,000 females) drawn randomly from different states/schools in the United States. The eligibility of the participants depends on whether an informed consent of the parents/guardians/caregivers/teachers will be obtained since the study involves investigating/examining the conduct/behavior of the participants right from preschool level through adolescence. Design Materials The research design used in the current study is the quasi-experimental design considering that the study entails about three waves of measurements. In wave I measurements, respondents will be interviewed on the basis of a 45-item questionnaire designed to gather information regarding the individuals, their families, schools, and their communities, which will also form the basis of sampling. Subsequently, wave II measurements will entail gathering self-reported information regarding youth violence victimization relative to a 30-item questionnaire applicable to young adults. Further, in wave III measurements, researchers will embark on gathering self-reports on youth violence perpetration relative to a 30-item questionnaire applicable to young adults (Note: The questionnaires described herein are available elsewhere).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Procedure As a noted earlier, using the questionnaires described in the foregoing discussions, researchers will conduct wave I measurements after obtaining informed consents from the participants and their caregivers who will also take part in answering questions regarding the socio-economic environments available to the participants. For instance, the researchers may wish to inquire from the respondents whether they have been slapped, kicked or left home alone when the presence of an adult is highly valued in order to rule out cases of child abuse/maltreatment. After a significant amount of time (7-8 years) has passed, the researchers will embark on interviewing the same number of respondents (14,000) from wave I in order to inquire whether they are victims or perpetrators of youth violence relative to wave II and III questionnaires. Here, it is worth noting that the researchers may wish to inquire whether the respondents have ever been involved in shooting or wounding other person s, and maybe whether they have ever pointed a gun or knife to another person. Subsequently, the statistical analyses will entail applying bivariate regression methods to investigate the link between child maltreatment and various forms of youth violence (victimization and perpetration). Additionally, the maximum likelihood methods will inform the estimation of different recursive simultaneous equations. Furthermore, the sample means will be used in determining the direct or indirect impact of a particular variable on others. Conversely, estimates of standard errors will be determined through bootstrapping techniques, especially in case one intends to determine the indirect impact of a given variable. Additionally, it is paramount to note that all the statistical analyses will be conducted using the STATA SE (Version 9) software application. Results After successful statistical analyses as described under the methodology section, it is expected that the results will coincide with oth er documented evidence, which shows a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other socio-economic factors. Here, relative to non-victims, the likelihood that abused children will become violent in later stages of development is expected to be higher for both males and females compared to the one documented in previous studies considering that the current research entails a larger representative sample. Furthermore, it is expected that gender differences in perpetration and victimization of youth violence will be more apparent, with the males expected to demonstrate more effects relative to there female counterparts. Here, the study results are expected to show that males are more likely to perpetrate violence in case at any one point in their lifespan development process, they encountered child abuse/maltreatment in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors such as domestic violence and low income. Discussions Using the experimental design described in the foregoing discussions, and comparing the data collected with other research studies, the present study results are expected to show a clear link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors. However, it should be noted that this is a general view regarding victims of child maltreatment as opposed to their non-victim counterparts. Further, considering that the study entails a representative sample drawing participants from different parts of the United States, the present study is more likely to reinforce the results documented by various researchers who are of the idea that the interventions aimed at preventing child maltreatment will go a long way in preventing youth violence perpetration and the subsequent IPV cases reported among different young families. On the other hand, it is essential to note that despite the study showing a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence, there is the risk that the present study is limited in terms of addressing the direct and indirect impact of different forms of child maltreatment on the subsequent perpetration of youth violence. Here, child neglect during the early childhood stage and the subsequent physical maltreatment of victims are part of several factors implicated in youth violence perpetration in later stages of lifespan development, the gender factor not-withstanding. Therefore, the present study may fail to answer the question whether the link between childhood neglect and physical maltreatment is stronger among the males or females. As a result, future research studies should be designed in such a way that the link between the two factors is clearly examined to bring out the underlying gender factor. On the other hand, it is apparent from the discussions above that sexual abuse has not been treated as a separate entity in child maltreatment. According to Fang and Corso (2007, p. 279), the link between child sexua l abuse and the subsequent perpetration of youth violence appears to differ with the one observed in child neglect and physical maltreatment. As a result, it is expected that gender differences will arise relative to the way males and females are bound to perpetrate future youth violence in case they are sexually abused in childhood. However, the present study fails to consider this paramount factor, which leaves room for future studies aimed at examining the impact of sexual abuse on the development of youth violence as a separate entity. Overall, by looking at the individual contribution of child maltreatment in youth violence, the present study offers an in-depth insight into the significance of developing interventional strategies aimed at combating child maltreatment and youth violence in cases whereby the two appear as separate entities. In this way, the study aims at saving the community-based health professionals the additional resources channeled toward combating socio-econ omic factors that do not have any significant impact in some cases of child maltreatment and the subsequent youth violence. References Carter, J. (2004). Domestic violence, child abuse, and youth violence: Strategies for  prevention and early intervention. San Francisco, CA: Family Violence Prevention Fund. Cox, C. E., Kotch, J. B., Everson, M. D. (2003). A longitudinal study of modifying influences in the relationship between domestic violence and child maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 18 (1), 5-16. Fang, X., Corso, P. S. (2007). Child maltreatment, youth violence, and intimate partner violence: Developmental relationships. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33 (4), 281-290. Herrenkohl, T. I., Huang, B., Tajima, E. A., Whitney, S. D. (2003). Examining the link between child abuse and youth violence: An analysis of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18 (10), 1189-1208. Science Daily. (2007). Victims of child maltreatment more likely to perpe trate youth  violence, intimate partner violence. Science News. Web. This research paper on Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence was written and submitted by user Jaidyn Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

friendly sons of st. patrick essays

friendly sons of st. patrick essays In the 1800s, immigrants from all different countries flooded into the United States for various reasons. Among the different immigrants that came into America were the Irish. The Irish had various long-standing reasons for migrating to the United States. Among those reasons was the resentment of British Protestantism, British landlords, British taxes, British rule, and a long depression that gave them social hardships. Ireland was the most densely populated country in Europe and it was devastated by economic collapse. The average age of death at this time declined down to nineteen (America 523). Another reason why they fled Ireland was the potato rot epidemic in 1845. The potato rot of 1845 brought a great famine to mostly all of rural Ireland and killed almost one million peasants (Irish 463). These events were what began the flood of Irish immigrants into America. Nearly 214,000 thousand Irish emigrated to the United States and Canada in 1847 on ships that were crowded and had very unsanitary conditions. These coffin ships claimed to have great space on board and warmed steerage (America 521). The living conditions turned out to be deadly as it killed thirty percent of all immigrants on board. Among the thirty percent that died, forty thousand were Irish (America 521). The boats arrived in such cities as Boston, Philadelphia, and New York. The immigrants had very little money that could afford a place to stay, so they stayed in the back alleys of buildings and around Catholic churches in the cities were their ships had docked (America 522). The reason the Irish had very little money or no money at all was because they were mostly farmers in Ireland. The Farmers main crop was the potato, which was ravaged by the rot of 1845. The rot had left the farmers with very little or no profit at all on their main crop (America 522). With no mon ey to live off of the Irish would have to go loo...

Write an essay comparing and contrasting life in the colonies (pick

Write an comparing and contrasting life in the colonies (pick two colonies and discuss) - Essay Example Burkina Faso, formerly Upper Volta is a small, poor, landlocked country in West Africa which later became the part of French West Africa in 1896. A large number of people in Burkina Faso live in rural areas. The extended family and tribes are the basic social units. Excessive population and drought carved the people and they were compelled to move neighboring countries in search of better life facilities. If one compares the French colonies with that of the American, one can find that there existed somewhat a far better living condition in American colonies which allowed the freedom for education and health facilities for the colonists. Most of the colonies of the world faced the same problem of the wide dispersal of population and the migration of educated people to city life. The New England colonies in America gave more emphasis to education which later paved the way for the renewal of most of the colonies. The Dame school system was very common in the time of early colonial days. The one room school is managed by a woman in her house, with a few children. The political conditions were crucial in Burkina Faso before the conquest of France in the 1890s.The Islamic empire of Mali and Songhai ruled before the arrival of France into the scene. In Burkina Faso, the political life has been controlled by the small group of educated people, military officers and labor unions. The result of extreme poverty, political instability became a curse in Burkina Faso region. After the advent of French administration, these political organizations and labor unions demanded political freedom. The social life was so pathetic and the vegetation was mainly depended on seasonal rain. The poor soil supports few fruit trees and crops, which were insufficient for the inhabitants. While in New England colonies in America have been developed a different social

Current Issue Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Issue Analysis - Essay Example And today, according to the official terminology, Indian women continue to belong to the so-called weak groups. In my opinion such misunderstanding of the role of feminism and the importance of the defending of women’s rights takes place because of the lack of support from men’s and boys’ side. Emma Watson, who after she grew up, became not just a â€Å"Harry Potter Girl† but also UN Women Goodwill Ambassador at the HeForShe Campaign 2014 paid attention that fighting for women’s rights too often comes synonymous to men hating. And this has to stop. It is a real problem that women are choosing not to identify themselves as feminists. It is right to make possible for women to make decisions about own body. Women should be afforded the same respect as men. But there is no country in the world, where women may be sure they would receive these rights (Watson, 2014). Some days ago the Dailymail has published some shocking videos of the women being gang raped. The most awful is that the men caught on camera were smiling while carrying out the alleged attacks. And now this movement called #shametherapistcampaign fights against repeated incidents of extreme sexual violence towards Indian women. Sunitha Krishnan through her organisation Prajwala India, a womens rights NGO based in Hyderabad, India released the videos and images of the alleged attackers and in such way her #shametherapistcampaign was born. She got those videos from a concerned man, who â€Å"forwarded her the videos after they were sent to him on the messaging service WhatsApp†. After the campaign was launched on Indian national television, somebody tried to intimidate Mrs Krishnan by throwing rocks into the window of her vehicle (Charlton, 2015). Thus the issue of defending women rights is particularly important for Indian women. They are discriminated from infancy or even earlier, and I can prove this statement with lots of examples. In

Globalization and Accountability Essay Example for Free

Globalization and Accountability Essay A better quality of life has been the objective of societies and nations. This has been pursued since the ancient times to the present. About one hundred years before the Trojan wars, Minos, mythical son of Zeus, organized a communal society in the island of Crete. For centuries, universal justice and virtue reigned in the island. Conditions were similar to the fabulous Shangrila of the Lost Horizon. It was like a paradise for the people. They contributed their individual ideas, talents, skills, and labor to the community for its development, and for he good of all its members. The needs of the people were justly supplied, and they were happy and contented. Plato, the Greek philosopher, designed an ideal state in his book, The Republic. He proposed common ownership of properties as a general rule. The concept of equality of Plato was further improved by Christian doctrines. However, more active and courageous social reformers emerged into the limelight during the age of Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution. Rousseau, Fourier, Bentham, Owen and Marx were the more prominent among them. They stressed the social aspects of the national order, such as cooperation, perfectibility of human nature, and other human virtues. The clamor for equality was not only political but also economic and social. The abuses of the capitalists and landlords, and the great disparities in income and wealth were the primary targets of reformers. The aforementioned economic and social problems still pervade in many developing countries. Throughout the history of the development of nations, only very few have become rich, such as those in North America and Western Europe. Most of the poor countries are found in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In terms of goods and services, the gap between the poor and the rich countries has become wider and wider. In view of the presence of modern transportation and communication, leaders of the poor countries have seen the tremendous prosperity of the rich countries. As a result, people from poor countries have developed the tendency to emulate the rich countries- their economies, technologies, ways of life, and even the architecture of their houses and buildings. However, some intellectuals have realized the disadvantage of such colonial mentality. They have crusaded for economic nationalism to free their countries from the exploitations of the rich counties- and from the weaknesses of their own people. Industrialization has been their dream of solving their persistent problems like poverty, insecurity, and excess population. Even Nehru of India claimed that real progress must ultimately depend on industrialization. Every nation, rich or poor, has economic problems. However, these are more serious and widespread in poor countries. Economic problems do exist because of two fundamental facts: resources are limited and human wants are unlimited. Human wants cannot possibly be all satisfied because resources are scarce. For example, every family wants a house and a farm. This is not possible in many countries, especially in less developed countries. In fact, most countries cannot even meet the most basic needs of their people like food, clothing, and shelter. In the case of the United States of America, the people are capable of satisfying their essential needs. If some groups cannot, it is the government that provides them with basic goods and services. Welfare programs and other social security benefits are made available to the less fortunate, and to the aged. But still, rich countries have economic problems. People, human as they are, are not ultimately satisfied with the consumption of basic goods only. Naturally, they aspire for a higher standard of living. And it is the responsibility of the economic system to help the people acquire it. The economic system of any nation has different factors that are being considered in order to establish and open greater economic opportunities (Soros, 2002). Globalization The remarkable progress in communication and transportation has exposed the high standard of living of a globalized nation. Through foreign travels, periodicals, and movies the peoples of the less developed countries have seen the many wonderful and modern things which have been created by an industrial society like the United States of America, France or Japan. In contrast, many leaders of the third world countries have realized the big difference in their still primitive products of development. Thus, their impressions of a globalized and industrialized economy have further improved. Henceforth, there has been a strong clamor among many of the third world countries for globalization. For years, this has been their aspiration. Through globalization, they believe they can eliminate the problems of poverty, insecurity, and overpopulation. No less than the great Indian statesman Nehru said that real progress must ultimately depend on globalization (Thompson Strickland, 2003). However, globalization or globalizing a less developed country is certainly not an easy task. There are great obstacles along the long path of globalization. It is not only massive capital, modern technology, competent management, and skilled labor that are required. Well developed commercial sectors are also needed. And of course, the most important requirement for globalization is the restructuring of values and institutions in society. In spite of the formidable barriers to globalized development, it is not completely impossible for a less developed country to globalized economy. There were several poor nations which became industrial economies. They were able to conquer an almost impossible dream through a vigorous and sincere implementation of economic, social, and political reforms. Former countries like England, Germany and the United States of America met fewer difficulties in globalizing their economies because of most favorable economic and political conditions. There are several processes being followed in terms of modern growth brought about by the system and principle of globalization. It must be noted that globalization among the developed countries did not happen overnight. Prior to their globalization, they experience various changes and improvement. The following are the most notable: 1. Economic, social, and political institutions were restructured to pave the way towards globalization and industrialization. 2. There was a rapid technological improvement. 3. Factors of production like capital, labor, and entrepreneurial scheme were made to be more responsive to globalization and industrialization. 4. Substantial improvement in transportation, communication, and electrification were undertaken. 5. Social facilities and services were increased. 6. Agricultural and commercial industries became variable. The aforementioned developments were greatly responsible in the globalization of the highly developed countries. Clearly, their economic growths did not go through a quick and easy process. They laid down the foundation of their industrial development. Such experiences of the industrial countries should provide a lesson to less developed countries that are aiming for rapid globalization and industrialization. However, there are some countries that have achieved very rapid industrial growth. But the other sectors of their economy have not developed as fast as their industries. For instance, there have been no appropriate changes in some industries such as the agricultural industries, public administration, social structure and values among other things and industries. But then again, it can be seen that there is more rooms for globalization even if it means that other industries are left behind. Moreover, there has been a great need for private sectors to be improved and flourished in order for globalization to push through. As far as the economics is concerned, the big challenge is poverty, and the surest route to sustained poverty reduction is economic growth. Growth requires good economic policies. The evidence strongly supports the conclusion that growth requires a policy framework that prominently includes an orientation towards integration into the global economy. This places obligations on three groups: those who are most responsible for the operation of the international economy, primarily the governments of the developed countries; those who determine the intellectual climate, which includes this audience but also government and non-government organizations and individuals; and the government of the developing countries who bear the major responsibility for economic policy in their countries. Economic globalization, the ongoing process of greater economic interdependence among countries, is reflected in the increasing amount of cross-border trade in goods and services, the increasing volume of international financial flows, and increasing flows of labor. As is well known to our profession, economic globalization thrived in the period before 1914, but was set back by the two World Wars and the Great Depression. 6 The international financial order that was established at the end of World War II sought to restore the volume of world trade, and by 1973, world trade as a percentage of world GDP was back to its 1913 level – and it has continued to grow almost every year since. While the founders of the Bretton Woods system saw the restoration of trade in goods and services as essential to the recovery of the global economy, they did not have the same benign view of capital flows. Nonetheless, capital flows among the industrialized countries did recover during the 1950s, and intensified in the 1960s. Rapidly they became too powerful for the pegged exchange rate system to survive, and by 1973, as a result of the impossible trinity – of a pegged exchange rate, capital mobility, and a monetary policy directed at domestic objectives – the Bretton Woods adjustable peg system had to give way to flexible exchange rates among the major countries. Capital flows to developing countries grew more slowly. In the late 1970s and early 1980s they consisted mainly of bank loans; by the 1990s they took the form mainly of foreign direct investment and purchases of marketable securities. And as the volume of international capital flows to and from the emerging market countries – the more developed and larger developing countries – increased, the impossible trinity once again asserted itself, and in a series of crises, country after country was forced to give up its pegged exchange rate and allow the currency to float. By now, the gross volume of international capital flows relative to global GDP far exceeds the levels reached in the period just before 1913, though net flows of foreign direct investment have not yet attained the extraordinary levels of the decade before World War I. It is generally believed that with respect to migration and labor flows the modern system is less globalized than it was a century ago. In 1911, nearly 15 percent of the United States population was foreign born; today that number is probably a bit above 10 percent. Emigration rates from Europe, especially Ireland and Italy, were amazing: 14 percent of the Irish population emigrated in the 1880s, and over 10 percent of the Italian population emigrated in the first decade of the twentieth century. Jeffrey Williamson (2002) attributes a significant part of the convergence of income levels in the Atlantic economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to mass migration. Whether or not migration and labor flows are greater now than they were a century ago, we are becoming more globalized in this regard too, for migration rates have been rising – and in a potentially important way, for more migration than in the past is from less to more developed countries. All this is at an abstract level. In terms of people’s daily lives, globalization means that the residents of one country are more likely now than they were fifty years ago: to consume the products of another country; to invest in another country; to earn income from other countries; to talk on the telephone to people in other countries; to visit other countries; to know that they are being affected by economic development in other countries; and to know about developments in other countries. Globalization is much more than an economic phenomenon. The technological and political changes that drive the process of economic globalization have massive noneconomic consequences. In the words of Anthony Giddens, a leading sociologist: â€Å"I would have no hesitation in saying that globalization, as we are experiencing it, is in many respects not only new, but also revolutionary. Globalization is political, technological and cultural, as well as economic. The non-economic aspects are at least as important in shaping the international debate as are the economic aspects. Many of those who object to globalization resent the political and military dominance of the United States, and they resent also the influence of foreign – predominantly American – culture, as they see it at the expense of national and local cultures. The technological elements matter in practice as well as in the debate. For instance, the events of September 11, 2001 could not have taken place before the current global era. The communications and transport systems that have accelerated the pace of globalization are also at the disposal of terrorists, money- launderers, and international criminals. On the positive side, improvements in communications and the spread of information were critical to the collapse of the Iron Curtain. People learned what was happening in other countries, and understood that they did not have to live the way they were living, and the Iron Curtain fell. A broad range of critics is arrayed on the other side. Among them are academics, opinion leaders, individuals and groups who see their interests being affected by globalization, politicians, NGOs, and demonstrators – and these categories are not mutually exclusive. To listen to the debate in the terms each side paints the other, who believes that all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds, and those who believe that the world is going to hell in a hand basket. That is doubly misleading. In the first place, many of those who regard themselves as pro-globalization know that there is far too much misery in the world, that there are many wrongs to be righted in the global economy, and that it could be made to operate much better. And on the other side, many – but not all – of the critics are not against globalization. Rather, from NGOs demonstrating for further debt relief and campaigning for greater access of developing country exports to industrialized country markets, to academic critics questioning current policy views, many are seeking a better and fairer globalization.

The Decline of Womens Roles in Early Christianity Essay -- World Hist

The Decline of Women's Roles in Early Christianity "Suddenly Jesus met them and said, `Greetings!' And they came to him, took hold of his feet, and worshiped him." (Matthew 28:9)# Near the end of each of the four Christian gospels, it is women who first discovered that the body of Jesus was missing and who were the first to report seeing him after his death. Certainly then, this is a major indication of the high involvement of women in early Christianity. With such high status undoubtedly must have come power, influence, and important positions in the early Church. But by approximately 750 C.E women had lost these major roles in the Church, and the power and influence they once had. This essay will examine the decline of women's roles in early Christianity, and argue that this loss of power was a direct result of the canons of early Eastern and Western Church councils, which were founded on patriarchal notions. Before delving into why women lost positions in the early Church, it's best to first discuss what roles or positions they held. To begin, there were the wives of priests and various other church officials, who functioned as respected co-workers along side their husbands.# It is important to state though, that wives did not carry out the duties of their husbands. Next, was the order of widows, normally older women who had been married to only one man, and who had consecrated themselves to the church, after the death of their husbands, in order to pray for the clergy and congregation.# Deaconess was yet another position held by women. Although a deaconess did not have the same responsibilities as a priest, their specific role was to instruct female catechumens in the doctrines of the Christian faith, help to baptize... ...drickson Publishers Inc., 1998. Coogan, Michael D., Editor. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2001. Eisen, Ute E. Women Officeholders in Early Christianity. Translated by Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville: The Order of St. Benedict Inc., 2000. Kraemer, Ross Shepard, and Mary Rose D'Angelo. Women and Christian Origins. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1999. MacDonald, Margaret Y. Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Markus, R.A. Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Scholer, David M. Women in Early Christianity. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. Williams, Stephen, and Gerard Friell, Editors. Theodosius the Empire at Bay. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. The Decline of Women's Roles in Early Christianity Essay -- World Hist The Decline of Women's Roles in Early Christianity "Suddenly Jesus met them and said, `Greetings!' And they came to him, took hold of his feet, and worshiped him." (Matthew 28:9)# Near the end of each of the four Christian gospels, it is women who first discovered that the body of Jesus was missing and who were the first to report seeing him after his death. Certainly then, this is a major indication of the high involvement of women in early Christianity. With such high status undoubtedly must have come power, influence, and important positions in the early Church. But by approximately 750 C.E women had lost these major roles in the Church, and the power and influence they once had. This essay will examine the decline of women's roles in early Christianity, and argue that this loss of power was a direct result of the canons of early Eastern and Western Church councils, which were founded on patriarchal notions. Before delving into why women lost positions in the early Church, it's best to first discuss what roles or positions they held. To begin, there were the wives of priests and various other church officials, who functioned as respected co-workers along side their husbands.# It is important to state though, that wives did not carry out the duties of their husbands. Next, was the order of widows, normally older women who had been married to only one man, and who had consecrated themselves to the church, after the death of their husbands, in order to pray for the clergy and congregation.# Deaconess was yet another position held by women. Although a deaconess did not have the same responsibilities as a priest, their specific role was to instruct female catechumens in the doctrines of the Christian faith, help to baptize... ...drickson Publishers Inc., 1998. Coogan, Michael D., Editor. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2001. Eisen, Ute E. Women Officeholders in Early Christianity. Translated by Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville: The Order of St. Benedict Inc., 2000. Kraemer, Ross Shepard, and Mary Rose D'Angelo. Women and Christian Origins. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1999. MacDonald, Margaret Y. Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Markus, R.A. Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Scholer, David M. Women in Early Christianity. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. Williams, Stephen, and Gerard Friell, Editors. Theodosius the Empire at Bay. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

Examine Freud’s View of Religious Belief. Essay

Sigmund Freud was born in 1856; he lived most of his life in Vienna. His family were Jewish so was brought in a religious faith. Freud fled the Nazi’s in London then died the following year on the 23rd of September 1939. He was an atheist. He saw himself as â€Å"The Godless Jew†. He rejected both America and Religion. Freud had a Neurotic and obsessional character. Freud’s view on religious belief was a form of neurotic illness. Freud believed that religious activities bear a striking resemblance to the activities of a neurotic person. Neurotic conditions such as OCD repeat actions which. Primal Horde Theory, Freud’s principle contribution was the idea of the murder of the primitive horde â€Å"one day, the brothers who have been driven out, came together killed and devoured their father and so made an end to the patriarchal horde. The leader was killed out of jealously, as he was taking all the women. In guilt for the murder of their father figure they put up a Totem, symbol or animal which is believed that their spirit is inside in place of their father figure. Guilt was eventually paid of by praying or sacrificing to them Totem. Over millions of years the Totem becomes God, guilt then passed. The Totem is seen as sacred and must be protected. After a year the animal believed to be the Totem could be killed then eaten. The Oedipus complex, Freud believed that everyone suffered a dramatic trauma which was the Oedipus complex. This is when a boy at the age of six would have sexual desires for his mother and wants to kill his father, in jealousy. The suckling child was used to having its mother’s attention, where the libido is transferred

Civil Rights of a Fetus - Law, Philosophy and Religion

The Roe majority ruling of 1973 holds that the government has a legitimate interest in protecting potential human life, but that this does not become a compelling state interest--overriding the womans Fourteenth Amendment right to privacy, and her subsequent right to terminate her pregnancy--until the point of viability, then assessed at 24 weeks. The Supreme Court did not state that viability is or is not when a fetus becomes a person; just that this is the earliest point at which it can be proven that the fetus has the capacity to have a meaningful life as a person. The Planned Parenthood v. Casey Standard In the Casey ruling of 1992, the Court scaled back the viability standard from 24 weeks to 22 weeks. Casey also holds that the state may protect its profound interest in potential life so long as it does not do so in a way that has the intent or effect of posing an undue burden on the womans right to terminate a pregnancy prior to viability. In Gonzales v. Carhart (2007), the Supreme Court held that a ban on live intact DX (partial birth) abortions does not violate this standard. In Fetal Homicide Statutes Laws that treat the murder of a pregnant woman as a double murder arguably affirm fetal rights in a statutory manner. Because the attacker has no right to terminate the womans pregnancy against her will, it could be argued that the states interest in protecting potential life is unrestricted in cases of fetal homicide. The Supreme Court has not ruled on the matter of whether fetal homicide, on its own, may constitute grounds for capital punishment. Under International Law The only treaty that specifically grants rights to fetuses is the American Convention on Human Rights of 1969, signed by 24 Latin American countries, which states that human beings have rights beginning at the moment of conception. The United States is not a signatory to this treaty. The treaty does not require that signatories ban abortion, according to the most recent binding interpretation. In Philosophy Most philosophies of natural rights would hold that fetuses have rights when they become sentient or self-aware, which presumes a neurophysiological definition of personhood. Self-awareness as we generally understand it would require substantial neocortical development, which seems to occur at or near week 23. In the premodern era, self-awareness was most often presumed to occur at quickening, which generally takes place around the 20th week of pregnancy. In Religion Religious traditions holding that personhood rests in the presence of a non-physical soul differ with respect to the question of when the soul is implanted. Some traditions hold that this occurs at the moment of conception, but most hold that this occurs much later in the pregnancy, at or near quickening. Religious traditions that do not include belief in a soul do not generally tend to define fetal personhood in explicit terms. The Future of Fetal Rights The conundrum posed by abortion rests in the tension between a womans right to terminate her pregnancy and the potential rights of the potential human being. Medical technologies currently under development, such as fetal transplantation and artificial wombs, could one day eliminate this tension, deprecating abortion in favor of procedures that terminate the pregnancy without harming the fetus.