Commercialization of Education Essay Example for Free

Commercialization of Education EssayBacteria, Virus, and Parasites Years ago, urineborne diseases accounted for millions of deaths. level today in underdeveloped countries, an estimated 25,000 people will die daily from urineborne disease. Effects of waterborne microorganisms can be immediate and devastating. Therefore, microorganisms ar the offset and closely important consideration in making water acceptable for human consumption. Generally speaking, modern municipal supplies ar relatively free from nocent organisms because of routine disinfection with atomic number 17 or chloramines and frequent sampling. This does not mean municipal water is free of all bacteria. Those of us with private wells and small cracker-barrel water systems have reason to be more concerned about the possibility of microorganism befoulment from septic tanks, animal wastes, and other problems. There is a little community in California, where 4,000,000 gallons of urine hits the ground daily fr om dairy cows Authorities say that at least 4000 cases of waterborne diseases atomic number 18 account every year in the U.S. They also estimate that much of the temporary ills and everyday gastrointestinal disorders that go routinely un inform can be attributed to organisms instal in our water supplies.INORGANIC IMPURITIESDirt and Sediment or Turbidity Most waters contain some suspended particles which may consist of all right sand, clay, soil, and precipitated salts. Turbidity is unpleasant to look at, can be a source of food and lodging for bacteria, and can interfere with effective disinfection. Total Dissolved Solids These substances be dissolved rock and other compounds from the earth. The entire list of them could fill this page. The comportment and amount of total dissolved solids in water represents a point of affray among those who promote water treatment products. Here are some facts about the consequences of higher levels of TDS in water 1. High TDS results in undesirable taste which could be salty, bitter, or metallic. 2. High TDS water is less thirst quenching.3. Some of the individual mineral salts that make up TDS submit a variety of health hazards. The most problematic are Nitrates, Sodium, Sulphates, Barium, Copper, and Fluoride. 4. The EPA Secondary Regulations advise a maximum level of 500mg/litter (500 parts per million-ppm) for TDS. Numerous water supplies exceed this level. When TDS levels exceed 1000mg/L it is principally considered unfit for human consumption. 5. High TDS interferes with the taste of foods and beverages, and makes them less desirable to consume. 6. High TDS make ice cubes cloudy, softer, and faster melting. 7. Minerals exist in water mostly as INORGANIC salts. In contrast, minerals having passed through a living system are known as ORGANIC minerals. They are combined with proteins and sugars. According to many nutritionists minerals are much easier to assimilate when they come from foods. Can you imagine go ing out to your garden for a cup of dirt to eat rather than a nice carrot or beverage a whole bathtub of water for LESS calcium than that in an 8 ounce glass of milk?8. weewee with higher TDS is considered by some health advocates to have a poorer cleansing effect in the body than water with a low level of TDS. This is because water with low dissolved solids has a greater capacity of absorption than water with higher solids. Toxic Metals or Heavy Metals Among the greatest threats to health are the presence of high levels of venomous metals in drinking water Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Silver. Maximum limits for all(prenominal) are established by the EPA Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Other metals such(prenominal) as Chromium and Selenium, while essential trace elements in our diets, have limits imposed upon them when in water because the form in which they exist may pose a health hazard. Toxic metals are associated with nerve damage, birth defects, mental retard ation, certain cancers, and increased susceptibility to disease. Asbestos Asbestos exists as microscopic suspended mineral fibres in water.Its primary source is asbestos-cement pipe which was commonly used after World War II for city water supplies. It has been estimated that some 200,000 miles of this pipe is presently in use to transport our drinking water. Because these pipes are wearing, the deadly substance of asbestos is showing up with increasing frequency in drinking water. It has been linked with gastrointestinal cancer. radiation sickness Even though trace amounts of radioactive elements can be found in almost all drinking water, levels that pose serious health hazards are fairly rarefor now. Radioactive wastes leach from mining operations into groundwater supplies. The greatest threat is posed by nuclear accidents, nuclear processing plants, and radioactive waste establishment sites. As containers containing these wastes deteriorate with time, the risk of contaminating our aquifers grows into a toxic time bomb.ORGANIC IMPURITIESTastes and Odours If your water has a disagreeable taste or odour, chances are it is imputable to one or more of many organic substances ranging from decaying vegetation to algae hydrocarbons to phenols. It could also be TDS and a host of other items. Pesticides and Herbicides The increasing use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture shows up in the water we drink. Rain and irrigation carry these deadly chemicals down into the groundwater as well as into surface waters There are more than 100,000,000 people in the US who depend upon groundwater for sources whole or in part of their drinking water. As our reliance upon groundwater is escalating, so is its contamination. Our own mansion use of herbicide and pesticide substances also contributes to actual contamination. These chemicals can cause circulatory, respiratory and nerve disorders. Toxic Organic Chemicals The most pressing and widespread water contamination problem is a result of the organic chemicals created by industry.The American Chemical Society lists 4,039,907 distinct chemical compounds as of late 1977 This list only is comprised of chemicals reported since 1965. The list can grow by some 6,000 chemicals per week 70,000 chemicals may still be in production in the US. As of December, 1978, 50 chemicals were existence produced in greater quantities than 1,300,000,000 pounds per year in the US. 115,000 establishments are involved in the production and distribution of chemicals, with the business being worth $113,000,000,000 per year. According to the EPA, there are 77,000,000,000 pounds of hazardous waste being generated each year in the US. 90 percent of this is not disposed of properly. This would equal 19,192 pounds of hazardous waste disposed each year on every square mile of land and water surface in the US including Alaska and Hawaii There are 181,000 manmade lagoons at industrial and municipal sites in the US. At least 75 percent of these are unlined.Even the lined ones will leak according to the EPA. Some of these are indoors 1 mile of wells or water supplies. There is still a lack of information on the location of these sites, their condition, and containments. THIS IS A HORROR account OF THE MILLENNIUM. Chemicals end up in our drinking water from hundreds of different sources. There are hundreds of publications each year highlighting this problem. The effects of chronic long border exposure to these toxic organics, even in minute amounts, are extremely difficult to detect. Contaminated drinking water may look and taste perfectly normal. The users symptoms might include recurring headache, rash, or fatigue all of which are hard to diagnose as being water related.The more serious consequences of drinking tainted water are higher cancer rates, birth defects, growth abnormalities, infertility, and nerve and organ damage. Some of these disorders may go unnoticed for decades Just how toxic these ch emicals are may be illustrated by looking at two examples TCE is a widely used chemical which routinely shows up in water supplies. Just two glassfuls of TCE can contaminate 27,000,000 gallons of drinking water One pound of the pesticide, Endrin can contaminate 5,000,000,000 gallons of water.Chlorine Trihalomethanes (THMs) are make when chlorine, used to disinfect water supplies, interacts with natural organic materials (e.g. by-products of decayed vegetation, algae, etc.). This creates toxic organic chemicals such as chloroform, and Bromodichloromethane. A further word about chlorine Scientists at Colombia University found that women who drank chlorinated water ran a 44% greater risk of dying of cancer of the gastrointestinal or urinary tract than did women who drank non-chlorinated water Chlorinated water has also been linked to high blood pressure and anaemia. Anaemia is caused by the deleterious effect of chlorine on red blood cells.

Alternative Drink Industry Analysis Essay Example for Free

Alternative Drink Industry Analysis Essay1. Do a complete five-forces digest of disceptation in the global alternative drink patience, then tell me which of the five competitive forces is strong, weak, and why. Especially in the force of rivalry (one of the 5 forces), you must identify the market size of it, growth rate, profit margins, what are the main categories in the alternative drink industry, who are the major competitors and their relative sizes, the competition scope, the main competition weapons) 2. before long identify 6 to 7 key success factors in the alternative drink industry 3. What are the other economic traits that are outside(a) the industry but still can affect all competitors (for example, overall economy trend, long term innovation, globalization, maturity stage of the industry, relevant legislation, etc. )? Briefly explain how these factors can affect the industry. Notes 1. What are the strategically relevant components of the global and U.S. bevera ge industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the alternative beverage segment of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. The strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment Global beverage companies such as Coca Cola and PepsiCo had relied on such beverages to sustain in volume growth in mature markets where consumers were reducing their consumption of carbonated cheese analogous drinks. Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and other beverage companies were intent on expanding the market for alternative beverages by introducing energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin drinks in more and more emerging international markets. Beverage producers had made various attempts at increasing the size of the market for alternative beverages by extending existing product lines and developing altogether unused products. Expanding the market for alternatives beverages and increasing sales and market share, beve rage producers also were compel to content with criticism from some that energy drinks, energy shots, and relaxation drinks presented health risks for consumers and that some producers strategies promoted reckless behavior, the primary concern of most producers of energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages was how to best ameliorate their competitive standing in the market place. Rapid growth in the category, coupled with premium prices and high profit margins made alternative beverages an important bust of beverage companies lineup of brands. The Alternative Beverage Segment Help Companies to Sustain Volume Growth in Mature Markets Where Consumers Were Reducing Their Consumption of Carbonated nuts Drinks. Also the Alternative Beverage Industry Offered 2. What is competition like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to entertain the greatest effect on industry at tractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants?Competition from substitutes is substantial. There were many substitutes to alternative beverages such as tea, soft drinks, fruit juices, bottled water and tap water. Even though substitute products had a bigger market share in the US, consumers had tended to buy more alternative beverages. This heighten in customer preference had weakened the competitive power of substitute beverages. Convenience store, food market store, and wholesale club buyers had substantial leverage in negotiating set and slotting fees with alternative beverage producers because of their large purchases.New brands with low market shares were most vulnerable to buyer leverage since shelf space was limited while assoil brands such as Red Bull were almost always assured of shelf space. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo were least vulnerable since they offered a wide variety of beverages that convenience stores, grocery stores, and wholesale clubs wished to off er to consumers. As a result of this certain appeal, the two companies alternative beverage brands almost always found shelf space in retail stores. The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers was the weakest competitive force.Many suppliers for alternative beverage ingredients and they fight with the others to sell their products. Packaging is readily available from many suppliers and is like a commodity. However, some rare ingredients providers had a moderate amount of leverage in negotiations with energy drink producers. Additionally, the producers of alternative beverages are important customers of suppliers and buy in large quantities. The threat of new brands varies by market maturity of each alternative beverage category. It has low threat for mature categories and moderate to strong in young categories.During the early stages of developing a category, when famous brand leaders had not been established, the threat of instauration in alternative beverage categories remaine d strong. As a result, entrepreneurs launching new beverages with novel formulas or well-developed image campaigns could quickly gain market share among consumers. However, as the category matured, consumer preferences developed and shaped retailers purchasing decisions. at a time the category had established, its brand leaders, it became much more difficult for new entrants to gain shelf space in convenience stores, supermarkets, and wholesale clubs.Therefore, in 2010, the threat of entry should be lower for all types of alternative beverages except energy shots and relaxation drinks. The competence among sellers of alternative beverage could be considered as the strongest competitive force. Among the sellers of energy drinks and other alternative beverages, competition is so strong and will grow stronger each year. Competition among major brands centers primarily on brand image, an appealing taste, attractive packaging, new product RD, sales promotions and endorsements, and gaini ng better access to shelf space and strengthening distribution capabilities.As for 2010, there was no evidence of strong price competition in any of the alternative beverage categories, which makes it difficult to argue that competitive rivalry is fierce or brutal. Factors that increase the strength of competitive rivalry include efforts on the part of industry rivals to expand the number and types of alternative beverages in their product lines, low switching costs on the part of consumers, active and vulturous efforts on the part of sellers to establish consumer brand loyalty, and strong emphasis on advertising, sales promotions, and endorsements.MLA Competition in push button Drinks, Sports Drink, and Vitamin-Enhanced. 28 Sep. 2011. http//www. Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drink, and Vitamin-Enhanced. StudyMode. com. September 28, 2011.

Importance of International Organizations

Importance of International OrganizationsInternational Organizations (IOs) atomic number 18 formal institutional anatomical structures transcending national resilearies which ar created by three-way agreement among nation- put ins. Their endeavor is to foster world vast cooperation in atomic number 18as such(prenominal) as security, law, economic, social matters and diplomacy. ( graham Newham , 1998, p. 270). IOs are subdivided amid Inter regimeal Organizations (IGOs) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Intergovernmental Organizations are entities created with sufficient organizational structure and autonomy to post formal, ongoing, multilateral processes of decision making between states, along with the capacity to execute the collective of their member (states) (Diehl Frederking, 2010, p. 15). NGOs are non-state voluntary organizations formed by individuals to achieve a joint purpose, often oriented beyond themselves or to the public good (Karns Mingst , 2010, p . 221). The development and expansion of these large representative bodies date back to the end of the World war II, where there was a need for world reconstruction through International Relations. Since then, there has been an incremental rise of organizations that work on different socio- policy-making and economic aspects with dissimilar and specific aims in approaching states, societies, groups and individuals. establish on these key definitions, this essay will thus attempt to explain how important are IOs and the extent to which they boast an impact on global politics and international relations through an analysis of two main IR scholar theories namely Realism and Liberalism. Moreover, to sympathise the impact of IOs, these theories will be explored and analysed through contexts of different and conflicting realist and liberalists thinkers upon their view on these institutional structures. It will also distinguish and compare the two theories and destine which is more re levant to the coetaneous world international relations. Finally, the ultimate the goal of this essay is to support the view of liberalism, as the main concluding arguments rest upon the persuasion that global governance requires a set of different actors across that shape together the process of decision-making in international relations.Realism is an IR theory ground a pessimistic view of forgiving nature. Its central feature lies within the relative force play of the state and as there is no world government to impose order and stability, states engage in self-help to ensure their basic survival interests notably (security , power capability and survival). Because of the absence of a world government, the world structure is anarchic and anarchy heightens the stakes of interaction so that competing interest have the potential to escalate into military interactions. The state is the national arbiter who judges its contradictory policies. As much emphasis is put on the power ca pabilities of the state in the international system, realists pay little attention in regards to IOs as they operate little influence in global governance. States would never cede to international institutions and IOs and similar institutions are of little interest they perfectly reflect national interests and power and do not constrain powerful states (Diehl Frederking, 2010). One example is the United States hegemony and the use of IOs as means for expansion of power, pursue their self-interest and guarantee security. For example, realists would postulate that roughly of the IGOs that serve as a backbone for contemporary international cooperation can be traced to American hegemony in the immediate aftermath of WW2. The United States promoted the insertion of the UN as an umbrella organization for treaty-based cooperation in a classification of global concerns and issue areas. It also oversaw the creation of the International Monetary (IMF), the World Bank, and the General promise on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) with the express goal of encouraging cooperative economic ex remove and also as instruments designed for continuing utility of U.S policies (Weiss Wilkinson , 2014, p. 295). Even the Soviet Union used Mutual Economic assistance to organize economic relations within the eastern bloc. Powerful states structure organizations to further their own interests solely must do so in a way that it induces weaker states to theatrical roleicipate (Diehl Frederking, 2010, p. 33).Liberalism is a post-war framework for world politics based on the construction of a global, lawful and political system which go beyond the state and afford the protection to all human subjects. (Jackson Sorensen, 2007). The theory is mainly subdivided by two strands firstly, mutualness liberalism which studies modernisation as ways of increasing the level of interdependence of states and secondly, institutional liberalism which studies international institutions as mechanisms of promoting cooperation between states. The theory mainly bases its assumptions upon positive human betterment and modernization in which they together will eventually lead to cooperation. Modernization is the process of involving progress in most areas in livelihood as well as the development of a modern state. This process enlarges the scope of cooperation across international boundaries. Due to modernization, cooperation based on mutual interests will prevail that is because modernization increases the level and scope of transnational relations where transactions costs are lower and levels of higher interdependence are high. Under mingled interdependence, transnational actors are more and more important, military force is a less(prenominal) useful instrument and welfare, (not security) is becoming a primary goal and concern of states (Jackson Sorensen, 2007, p. 107). Therefore when there is a high degree of interdependence, states will often set up international institutions to deal with common problems and maximize welfare. These institutions are designed to promote cooperation across international boundaries by providing information and lowering costs. Institutions can be formal organizations such WTO (World Trade Organization) and EU (European Union), or they can be less formal sets of agreements such as the so-called regimes. For liberals, international cooperation and progress are the central features that drive states, IOs and non-state actors. These different institutions are responsible for managing transnational problems in a peaceful, human and legal way.It is also important to emphasize the structural change in international relations during post-Cold War period that have empowered new-made types of actors and opened new opportunities for them to act. Such changes also include globalization and privatization/deregulation. orbicularization has undermined the correspondence between social action and he territory enclosed by states border. Ide as about human rights have scram platforms for social connections between people across the globe. The Thatcher and Reagan-led privatization and deregulation in the 1980s revolution has compounded this change in relations between states and social power States transferred public enterprises and state functions to toffee-nosed actors and increasingly encouraged private actors to finance policies such as education, municipal services and even security, which has been part on the pivotal role of many corporation social responsibility (CSR) programmes (Avant , et al., 2010, p. 5). Global change also owes much to the end of the cold war, where a variety of political, economic and security realms, activists and organizations began to push for change. With the triumph of the United States and the liberal model, privatization and deregulation ideas emboldened many organizations to drop the cold-war style of bipolarity of states and push for liberal capitalist change that embodied presence of a variety of actors (Avant , et al., 2010, p. 6). Indeed great proliferation of non-state actors such as NGOs has happened since the 1980s with more than 4,000 International Non-government Organizations (INGOs) and has increased until current years to more or less 8,000 INGOs and several millions national and indigenous NGOs (Karns Mingst , 2010, p. 230).The role of these NGOs is explained by a varied number of functions and roles they exert. NGOs can seek the best venues to present issues and to apply pressure. They can provide new ideas and draft texts for multilateral treaties they can monitor human rights and environmental norms participate in global conferences and raise issues, submit position papers and anteroom for viewpoint and ultimately they can perform functions of governance in absence of state authority (Karns Mingst , 2010, p. 235). Large numbers of NGOs are involved in addition relief, from large international NGOs to small, locally based groups. The Red Cro ss, Doctors without borders, the International Rescue Committee and Oxfam are among hundreds of international humanitarian relief organizations involved in complex emergencies such as the conflicts in Somalia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Congo and Liberia, the genocides in Rwanda and Darfur and natural disasters such as Hurricane Mitch in Central America (Karns Mingst , 2010, p. 224). Participation by NGOs has also increasingly been involved within UN summit and global conferences. NGOs are increasingly viewed by those in the UN system as partners or stakeholders in multitasker coalitions. This is evident in the Global compact on corporate social responsibility, which aims to bring multinationals and NGOs into partnership with the UN. Likewise, the Millennium Development Goals propose partnerships for development, calling for all actors including NGOs to cooperate in achieving those goals. In 2002, somewhat 3,200 NGOs were represented at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannes burg. Also UN specialized agencies work in conjunction with NGOs. Most UN agencies with playing field programmes and offices, now contract with NGOs to provide services and decision-making in areas of Humanitarian relief and economic development. For example, many services including food, medicine are chased by the UNHCR and WFP and delivered to the local population by CARE, Doctors without Borders or Oxfam. Whether an NGO is focused on human rights, peace, disarmament, indigenous peoples rights, labour rights, climate change, or tropical forests, it is clear that they have become an important actor in world politics as they often to seek to change the policies and behavior of both governments and IGOs.Disagreement between naive realism and liberalism as well as other IR theories is not over the existence of institutions or the fact that they are found where cooperation is high but rather on the claim that whether they are more than statecraft instruments and have an independent i mpact (Weiss Wilkinson , 2014, p. 7). As realists would conceive it, IOs offer little change to the perpetual power fight back as they cannot change the human nature desire for power nor can they change the nature of the anarchical system. On the other hand, liberalists cannot imagine a contemporary world where governments act solo. Cooperation has made states very interdependent and has also opened new paths for new actors that are willing to work more efficiently together. IR is not only a study of relations between international governments. Overlapping interdependent relations between people and voluntary organizations are bound to be more cooperative than relations between states because states are exclusive and their interests do not overlap and cross-cut (Jackson Sorensen, 2007, p. 102). Liberals also emphasize that states interest have changed end-to-end history. Whereas before it was a matter of security and power, today more primacy has been given towards economic deve lopment and trade. Throughout history states have sought power by means of military force and territorial expansion. But for highly industrialized countries economic development and irrelevant trade are more adequate and less costly means of achieving prominence and prosperity that is because the costs of using force have increased and the benefits have declined. (Jackson Sorensen, 2007, p. 102).Realists though maintain that the state is the ultimate authority, they are the ones to sign interstate treaties, create international law, and promulgate wide-ranging rules to initiate, regulate, and govern activity desired. States are by no means alone in this endeavor. They account on powerful states using IGOs as means to achieve their ends can be implemented on UN permanent members of the security council which is formed by the most powerful states, that have larger power than other UN member states. Also, there has been many situations where IGOs have failed to constrain powerful st ates from acting in a current way, for example, during the cold war, the security council was much ineffective in solving large differences between the U.S and the Soviet Union, more recently Russias occupation of Crimea in which no IGO (including the UN) prevented such act from happening. In regards to NGOs, realists explain that they hardly appear as viable international actors. They pose no threat to state sovereignty. While state and non-sate actors may have differentiated responsibilities, ultimately authority rests with the state and that is the essence of sovereignty. The role of states remains central to global governance, no matter how much political authority is decentralized and power diffused to the burgeoning non-state actors (Karns Mingst , 2010, p. 253).Liberals on the other hand acknowledge that powerful states will not easily be completely constrained. However, institutional liberals do not agree with the realist view that international institutions are a mere scr ape of paper, that they are completely mercy of powerful states. International institutions are more than mere handmaidens of strong states (Diehl Frederking, 2010, p. 32). Liberals argue that there is credibility and functionality within IOs in influencing international relations and that they attempt to critic realists idea of IOs as mere instruments led by powerful states but rather they are led universally by different member states and other actors. For example, when the United States decided to subvert the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, it did not act unilaterally as it turned to the United Nations Security Council. Similarly, when the International Community sought to maintain the suspension of bit in Bosnia, it did not rely on national efforts, it sent in peacekeeping units under the aegis of the UN and NATO (Diehl Frederking, 2010, p. 27). In regards to non-state actors, such as NGOs, liberals argue that in few cases NGOs can take the place of states, either performing servi ces that an inept or corrupt government is not doing, or stepping in for a failed state. For example, Bangladesh hosts the largest NGO sector in the world (more than 20,000) responding to what Bangladeshi describe as the failure of government to provide public goods and look after the poor, and the failure of the private sector to provide enough employment opportunities (draws on Waldman 2003) NGOs have taken on roles in education, health, agriculture, and microcredit, all of which originally were government functions (Waldman, 2003 cited in Karns Mingst, 2010, p. 224). Liberals argue that realism fails to read contemporary international order correctly. A priori privileges the states, misses the importance of non-state actors, fails to recognize the social construction of IR because of its rationalist assumptions and its fatalistic tendencies counsel conservative foreign policies that reinforce power politics and hence its own explanations for world affairs (Weiss Wilkinson , 201 4, p. 102).To conclude, it is imperative that one acknowledges Global governance in assessing who exercises power in decision-making. Based on the arguments on this essay, one would mostly agree that no government/state can govern/act alone. The growing authority of a wide variety of agents/actors can also add potential partners to states and distributing different tasks to different actors. By working collectively, one can certainly argue that multilateralism often requires a network of cooperation that leads to interdependence between different actors whether they are states, IOs or non-state actors, thus after all It is impossible to imagine a contemporary international life without formal organizations. (Schermers and Blokker, 1995 cited in Diehl Frederking, 2010, p. 28).BibliographyAvant , D., Finnemore , M. Sell , S. eds., 2010. Who governs the Globe? . In Who governs the Globe? . Cambridge Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-31.Diehl, P. Frederking, B., 2010. The Politics o f Global Governance international Organizations in an Independent World. 4th ed. Colorado Lynne Rienner Publishers.Graham , E. Newham , J., 1998. Dictionary of International Relations. 1st ed. London Penguin Books.Jackson , R. Sorensen, G., 2007. Introduction to International Relations Theories and Approaches. 3rd ed. New York Oxford University Press .Karns, M. Mingst , K., 2010. International Organizations The Politics and Processes of Global Governance. second ed. Colorado Lynne Rienner Publishers.Weiss , T. Wilkinson , R., 2014. International Organization and Global Governance. 2014 ed. Oxford Routledge.

Violent Video Games And Aggression Defined Media Essay

Violent impression Games And Aggression Defined Media EssayVideo bet ons ar a row of entertain reach forcet enjoyed by some(prenominal) adults and children on a daily basis. There atomic number 18 sports, dance, and mystery games that often offer hours of entertainment. However, at that place atomic number 18 alike contr bothplacesial risky painting games that drive home make headlines and wipe out been the subject of many protests. Numerous studies on whether these raving mad goggle box games are associated with aggressive and remote attitudes in children deliver been conducted, and the results are often mixed.One of the first knock-down-and-drag-out picture games was released in 1976 and was known as Death Race (Ferguson, Rueda, Cruz, Ferguson, Fritz Smith, 2008). The object of Death Race was to run all over tiny gremlins, which looked similar to humans, with a car. The release of this moving picture recording game ca utilise an outrage and many protests against the game occurred. It was soon discovered that the games original working title was Pedestrian, and this however served to anger those who were against the game even more (Ferguson et al, 2008).Since the release of Death Race numerous new(prenominal) barbaric image games get hold of been released much(prenominal) as mortal(a) Kombat and gallant Theft Auto. With the release of each new ruddy boob tube game, the court cases that aim to prevent children from getting their hands on these games follow. In superstar such case, for example, an argument for opposing the barter of such games to children was held under the doctrine that the games are associated with aggression (Brown. v. Entertainment Merchant Association, 2010). In this particular case, Brown (2010) cited the look for of Dr. Craig Anderson whose explore claims to show a connection surrounded by barbaric motion-picture show games and aggression in children. However, since it is highly awkward to pr ove that video games are in reality the cause of aggression in children, the court threw them out (Brown v. Entertainment Merchant Association, 2010). The case was eventu ally decided stating that forbidding the sales agreement of violent video games to bush league was a violation of the first amendment.Since it is often difficult to provide certify that video games are actually the cause aggressive attitudes in children, numerous research examines have been conducted to showcase the correlation betwixt violent video games and aggression. For example, a postulate conducted by Cooper and Mackie (1986) launch that the girls who compete an aggressive video game engaged in more aggressive free play. This have had children play every a high-violent game or a low-violent game for around 8 minutes (Tang, 2008,). Upon playing either of the games, one group of children were then asked questions about hypothetical situations, the style of otherwise children, as thoroughly as p unishments and rewards for say behavior. some other group was lead to a room with toys to play with for a few minutes. The girls who had played the violent video game often chose to play with the aggressive toy, in this case it was a Shogun samurai that spits, fists, and darts (Tang, 2008, para. 13). Results also found that both genders who were exposed to either video game had a longer punishment and reward establishment when asked questions about the good or bad behavior of other children (Cooper and Mackie, 1986). Again, this is only an example of correlation mingled with the twain variables of video games and aggression it in no musical mode proves that the video game was the cause of the aggression.Often thither are no significant links to be found in the correlation between violent video games and aggression. A study conducted by Scott (1995) found no significant increases in aggression subsequently participants played nonaggressive, moderately, and severely aggressive games. However, results found that there was a big change among the men who had played the nonaggressive game. These men showed a considerable amount of aggressive behavior overall after playing the nonaggressive game. This suggests that perhaps the distri preciselyor point of aggression one feels after playing a violent video game depends on the personality of the player. The men who had played the nonaggressive game were less aggressive both before and after playing than the men in the other ii groups (Scott, 1995). Although the men who played the nonaggressive games did experience heightened aggression afterwards, it was generally less significant than the moderate and severe groups. The amount of aggression the men who had played the nonaggressive game did not compare to the amount aggressiveness the men who had played the moderately and severely aggressive games. Not to say that the latter group consisted of very aggressive men, there just wasnt a significant change. The men who had played the nonaggressive game were not very aggressive to begin with, and experienced a higher degree of aggression upon playing the game. Not that the men were extremely aggressive, the change was more significant in this group as compared to the other two groups.Another study conducted by Wiegman and Schie (1998) was enkindle in not only fixing the effect of violent video games on aggression, but on pro-social behavior as well. This study focused on the amount of time spent playing video games each day. The study was based on Banduras (1961) social cognitive theory. The results for Wiegman and Schies (1998) first guesswork were positivist, it was found that those who played video games frequently displayed higher levels of aggression as compared to those who did not play as much. However, since the difference between moderate players and nonplayers was insignificant, the first possibility was no supported (Wiegman and Schie, 1998). Therefore, the results concluded tha t those who do play video games for a longer time do in fact display heightened aggression but the same could not be said for those who play those nonviolent games and no video games at all.A more recent study in 2005 was interested moving past the hypothesis that video games are associated with aggression in general, but took a closer look into whether specific lawsuits trigger aggressive attitudes. Lachlan, Smith, and Tamborini (2005) treasured to decipher whether players who were similar to either good or bad characters would simulate the aggressive or nonaggressive attitudes of such characters. This specific study cited the social cognitive theory in which people are attracted to characters who remind them of themselves, therefore they are more likely to imitate the behavior of these characters (Lachlan et al, 2005). afterward studies conducted by Levermore and Salisbury (2009) and Ferguson (2011) also cited Banduras (1961) social training theory in attempting to understand the sleeper between violent video games and aggression.Brand new violent video games are released every year, and adolescents stretch out to play them. Numerous studies have been conducted and leave alone be conducted searching for a link between violent games and aggression. With new, sophisticated technology video games are becoming much more realistic. As of yet, there is no strong register that aggressive attitudes in youths are askly caused by violent video games. However, there is a continued effort to identify this direct link if it exists at all. Furthermore, various studies have only been able to prove an sleeper between violent video games and aggression (see Lachlan et al, 2005, Scott 1995). The make out on how much of an impact violent video games have on aggressive attitudes in adolescents provide continue for years to come.Statement of the ProblemViolent video games are popular among children today, yet relatively little is known about how much of an associati on these games have with youth aggression. On one hand fierce opponents of violent video games argue that video games are definitely associated with aggression, even going so furthest to argue that violent video games are the cause of aggression in most children (see Carnagey Anderson, 2004). On the other hand, violent video game proponents argue that there is no such relationship between violent video games and aggression at all. With two extreme sides in the violent video game debate and the rising sales of violent video games, its important to know how much of an association, if any, these games have with aggression.Violent video games have been the subject of numerous lawsuits. These lawsuits range from outlaw the sale of violent video games to minors to developing a requirement for video game companies to include specific labels stating 18+ on violent games. In the case of Schwarzenegger versus Entertainment Merchants Association (EMA), the EMA sought to overturn a law which banned the sale of violent video games to children. The reasoning behind the law was the belief that violent video games increase the chance of violent and aggressive behavior in children, thus directly make harm to minors (DeWeese Rumpf, 2010). Conversely, the EMA argued that banning the sale of violent video games to children violated the First Amendment by restricting free speech. The court ended up ruling in favor the EMA, stating that although there a correlation between violent video games and aggression, there was not enough evidence to prove that violent video games ultimately caused aggression (DeWeese Rumpf, 2010). Thus, banning the sale of violent video games was found to be a violation to childrens first amendment cogencyilys.Much of the evidence brought forward on the anti-video game side was very lightsome and could simply not prove precedent between violent video games and aggression. On the side of the State of California Schwarzenegger, the research of Crai g Anderson was brought forth citing a direct causal link between violent video games and real life (See Iowa State University, n.d.) . However, the rebuttal to the above statement was that in order to show that violent video games were the direct cause of aggression a study would unavoidableness to be conducted in which a minor would be isolated from all other forms of violence (see brief for Schwarzenegger Vs. EMA, 2010). A minor would need to be exposed only to violent video games in order to prove the direct causation between violent video games and aggression. Since no such study has ever been conducted, it is difficult to prove that video games are the direct cause of aggression. The first amendment rights of children could not be taken away when it could not be proven that video games were the cause of aggression.Therefore, a problem lies in determining just how strong of an association exists between violent video games and aggression in youths. In some cases, research poin ts to a strong correlation between games and aggression sequence others find a weak association. For example, take the research of Anderson and Bushman (2001) who argue that violent video games, without a doubt, pose a threat to children. Note that the above research of Anderson and Bushman (2001) was used as evidence in attempting to prove that video games cause aggression in children in Schwarzenegger vs. EMA. However, a meta-analysis conducted by Ferguson (2007), which was not used as evidence in Schwarzenegger vs. EMA, found that violent video games have no relationship to aggressive behavior at all. As such Ferguson (2007) even argued that violent video games have been associated with positive reactions and prosocial behavior. As noted with two differing studies, its very important to mark off whether or not violent video games are associated with aggressive behavior. The work of two different researchers has led to differing results and thus, it is important to get a clear spirit on this relationship in order to avoid further confusion.With all the opposing views, debates, and court cases, researchers ought to be focusing simply on the relationship between violent video games and aggression. Researchers on both sides of the debates are eagerly nerve-racking to prove or disprove that the association exists or does not exist, with much of the information ending up as very ambiguous. Perhaps researchers ought to apply concepts such as Banduras (1961) Social Learning Theory and mannequin in order to understand the relationship between the twoDefinition of TermsAggression aggressive or destructive tendency or behavior (Oxford English Dictionary, 2012).Behavior The way in which one acts either alone or around others. meditate A discussion between two sides on an issue where both sides disagree.Entertainment Something affording pleasure, diversion, or amusement, especially a performance of some kind (Dictionary.com, 2012)E.M.A. (Entertainment Merchan ts Association) Protects right the right to sell and promote entertainment products (entermerch.org, 2012).E.S.R.B. (Entertainment Software Ratings Board) Assigns age and content ratings to video games and mobile applications (esrb.org, 2012).First Amendment An amendment to the U.S. constitution, ratified in 1791 as part of the cadence of Rights, prohibiting congress from interfering with freedom of religion, speech, assembly, or petition (Dictionary.com, 2012).Free Speech Being able to openly say anything one wishes without the fear of punishment either by authority or the government.Hostile Acting or behaving a negative or intimidating way toward an individual, animal, or property.Lawsuit A criminal prosecution of a claim in a court of law (Oxford English Dictionary, 2012).Media Outlets such as television, newspapers, or magazines that provide information about current events and trends. empirical Learning The ability to acquire a new response as a result of observing a be havior model (Bandura, 1968, as cited in Carey, 2011).Parent The genetic or non-genetic Mother or Father of a child, a protector or a guardian (Dictionary.com, 2012).Politics The art or science concerned with guiding or influencing governmental policy (Merrium-Webster.com, 2012).Prosocial Behavior which is positive, helpful, and intended to promote social betrothal and friendship (Oxford English Dictionary, 2012).Social cognitive Theory How a person views and respondss the ones social environment, the idea that individuals are more likely to imitate those who they identify and are familiar with (Chegg.com, 2012).Video Game An electronic game usually played on a gaming console or home estimator.Video Game Addiction Excessive or compulsive use of computer and video games that interferes with daily life, to the point of isolation, neglecting of relationships, and extreme anger when unable to play video or computer games. (inspirationyouth.com, n.d.).Violence Physically causin g harm or abuse to another individual, animal, or property.Youth a person who is young.Limitations of the StudyVideo games are a relatively new form of entertainment and today they are more popular than ever. Violent content has been found in video games since the late 70s. Violence is a recurring subject in some of the most popular video games today. These violent video games are often associated with aggression and hostility, composition opponents of violent video games going so far to declare that these video games cause aggression. It is often a very political issue, with both sides arguing that either violent video games do have a relationship to aggression or that no such relationship exists. In some cases, researchers have even argued that violent video games are associated with positive behavior (Gentile et al., 2009). Most of the research available contains differing research from one another, with often confusing results.A demarcation of this study is that much of the information concerning violent video games and aggression is often ambiguous, even vague in some cases. One article may argue that violent video games cause aggression while another argues that video games have no association with aggression at all. A lot of the research appears eager to prove or disprove that violent video games and aggression have an association, without emphasizing other factors that may play a part in this argument. For instance, Vessey and Lee (2000) have argued that exposure to violent video games not only leads to aggressive feelings in the short-term, but also contributes to juvenile delinquency in the longer term. In order to be certain that the sources are accurate and unbiased, extra research in to the author of the article and journal needs to be done. Also, extra attention should also be paying(a) into the accompaniment sources of where this research is coming from. Researchers ought to focus on the association and whether it is exists at all. Instead of being solely focused on proving or disproving, attention should be paid to observations, effects, and other factors that increase or decrease aggression upon playing violent video games.There are no longitudinal studies that measure children playing violent video games and aggression over time. Its difficult to determine if aggression in teenagers and adults can be associated with having played a large amount of violent video games while growing up, or other factors. Often studies associated with this topic may last only a few years, for example while a child is in high school. No such study has examined the relationship between violent video games and aggression in children from childhood to the teenager years. Longitudinal studies would provide an excellent amount of information on how much of an impact violent video game play has on aggression over time.Another limitation of this study is the fact that this topic is often a political issue. Politicians have their own opinions on this topic and often push for legislation outright banning the sale of violent video games to children. This is where the information starts to develop ambiguous since most of the research is used as evidence in pushing this legislation and in the lawsuits that result. Most of the research that is used is heavily focused on proving whether or not violent video games ultimately cause aggression. Its very difficult to determine causation in this case, and researchers ought to focus on simply the association. Rather than trying prove whether something absolutely does or does not exist, focus on the association between the two and observe the effects.Theoretical FoundationThe relationship between violent video games and aggression is one that researchers are still trying to understand. For this project, the relationship will be looked at through the use of the social cognitive theory and behavior modeling. In social cognitive theory, it is argued that behavior is the outcome of out side influences and choices made by oneself (Bandura, 1991). As such violent video games have been considered an outside influence, with children imitating the actions of an aggressive character. Bandura (1986) suggested that in social cognitive theory individuals will identify with and imitate characters that are liked and similar to themselves (cited in Lachlan, Smith, Tamborini, 2005). Children can recognize characters that are likeable, remind them of themselves, and in turn imitate the behavior of that character. In some cases a child will imitate the positive behavior of a character, while other times a child may imitate the aggressive behavior of a character. Determining whether or not a child will imitate the behavior a specific character depends on the gender, ethnicity, and social acceptance of a character (Lachlan et al, 2005). For example, a Caucasian boy will more likely imitate the behavior of a Caucasian male character over that of a Caucasian female character.Behavi or modeling, also known as observational learning, is also another theory applied to this relationship. Albert Bandura (1961) conducted a bobo doll experiment in which children viewed a video of an individual violently hitting and yelling at a bobo doll with the children later being led in to a room with an identical bobo doll (Isom, 1998). After viewing the video, the children were immediately led to a first room filled with toys, the children were told not to touch any of the toy(Isom, 1998). Later the children were sent to a second room that was filled with attractive toys, however what had caught the majority of the childrens attention was the identical bobo doll that had been featured in the film. Around 88% of the children had violently hit the doll just as they had seen the model do in the video. (Isom, 1998). The theory of behavior modeling can be applied to understanding the effect of violent video games on aggression in children. Although it is difficult to prove causation between violent video games and aggression, a concept such as behavior modeling can provide insight in to aggressive actions upon playing violent games. Behavior modeling is a useful son of a bitch in understanding why children sometimes imitate the behavior of individuals who they view in movies, television, and video games.Albert Banduras (1961) social cognitive theory and the use of behavior modeling can help to greatly understand violent video games relation to aggression. Although much of the information regarding the two theories is based of work regarding television and movies, the same concepts have been applied to video games (i.e. Lachlan et al, 2005). It will be interesting to determine if the outcome changes when the theory is applied to violent video games.Literature ReviewViolent Video Games and Aggression DefinedIn 2011 violent video games sales have soared over the sales of nonviolent video games (Vgchartz.com, 2011). In 2011, violent titles such as Call of Duty Mo dern Warfare 3, Battlefield 3, and Gears of War 3 all made the top 10 best selling games (Vgchartz.com). Violent video games are very popular on video game consoles as well as on computers. With access to online multiplayer, individuals can face off against other people from all over the world. No doubt, access to multiplayer contributes to violent video games popularity.It may seem as though the ability to partake in a video game with individuals from all over the world is a good idea, however that is not always the case. A search on the internet for video game raging can lead one to find dozens of videos of both teenagers and adults alike angrily yelling at their televisions. One is lead to approve about the implications of these games and what long term consequences they may have. In some instances, video game dependency can occur, leading players to neglect all other responsibilities in order to dedicate as much time as possible to the game (Van Rooij et al, 2010). However, vi olent video games have not been associated with video game addiction alone. Often, violent video games are associated with increased aggression and hostility in adolescents.Its very difficult to prove that violent video games cause aggression. One would need to prove that aggression is directly caused by video games alone as such no research has done this hefty task. Anderson Bushman (1998) argue that there are at least four active types of human aggression including physical, verbal, direct, and indirect. This paper will consider physical and verbal aggression in the context of violent video game play. Many research attempts to measure aggression have been conducted. Attempts include the use of electric shock to study the effects aggression and learning (Anderson Bushman, 1998) as well as the use of observational learning, more specifically Banduras (1961) Bobo doll experiment and the social learning theory.To continue, the release of one of the first violent video games Death Ra ce did not go unnoticed it sparked on outrage among consumers (Ferguson et al, 2008). Some consumers were so outraged that the video game was protested, some went so far as to pull Death Race machines out of arcades and subsequently burn them (Ferguson et al, 2008). Before the release of Death Race video game titles were kinda tame, including hits such as Pac-man and Pong. Death Race was the first of its kind, but it wouldnt be the last. A long line of violent titles would follow which would include Mortal Kombat, Counter-Strike, Grand Theft Auto, and the popular Call of Duty series.Violent video game titles will continue to be released year after year, with much of the research about these video game titles resulting in mostly ambiguous information. Its important to gain a clear understanding of the effects of these video games on aggressive and hostile behavior. This paper will take a look in to the appearances violent video games have made in the news, including the link to the Columbine Shootings as well as the Virginia Tech shootings. This paper will also take a look in to the various court cases violent video games have been a part of, including Schwarzenegger vs. EMA as well as Brown vs. EMA. Various legislation from banning the sales of violent video games to minors to requiring an 18+ title will also be considered, as will the Entertainment Software Ratings Board and their reasoning behind rating various titles M for Mature. Last but not least, this paper will also focus upon various research efforts that have been put forth in order to understand the association between violent video games and aggression.Violent video games in the newsLocal intelligence operation StoriesViolent video games have made headlines numerous times. Whether news surrounds the release of the violent video game title or the consumers who play them, controversy isnt too hard to find. For instance, take the story of Daniel Petric who had planned to murder both of his parents b ecause they would not throw in him to play the shooting game Halo 3 (Ohio teenager, 2009). Petric proceeded to shoot both his parents in the head, his Father survived. Judge James Burge (2009) who had presided over this case stated that Petric had become so haunt with this particular video game, he had come to believe that like many of the characters in the game, death was not real (as cited in Martinez, 2009). In the end, Petric was sentenced to 23 years in prison but could have faced life without parole.According the Judge Burges statements, Petric had falsely believed that his Mother would not have died when he shot her. Having become so addicted to the game, Petric believed that his Mother would continue to be alive. As in many video games when the character an individual is play dies, the character will simply come back to life a few seconds later as if nothing had happened. Halo 3 is such a game, it is a shooting based game and when the players character dies, the character w ill come back to life a few seconds later. Petric had become obsessed with this game, to the point where he was addicted. When his parents forbid him from playing the game, he reacted violently. One cannot argue that Petrics violent reaction was caused solely by the video game however there is definitely an association between the two. For instance Judge Burge (2009) continued I firmly believe that Daniel Petric had no idea at the time he hatched this plot that if he killed his parents, they would be dead forever (as quoted in Ohio teenager, 2009). Petric may have been confusing fantasy with reality, thinking that his parents would not be dead forever but alternatively reappear as a live a few days later, just like in the video game.Similarly to Daniel Petric, take the case of Crystian Rivera who killed his despoil sister after becoming scotch with a video game. 13 year old Crystian Rivera was apparently playing a video game while his baby sister had fallen and began to cry, River a had gotten so frustrated with the video game that he picked up his 9-month old baby sister and shook her (Police Frustrated, 2011). Rivera had reportedly said that he had become frustrated with the video game when the character whom he was play as was killed (Police Frustrated, 2011). No doubt Rivera had experienced an extensive amount of defeat while playing this video game and acted aggressively towards his baby sister. It cant be said that the video game was the cause of the aggression, as other factors might have played a part. Consider the fact that Rivera was only 13 years old while watching a 9-month old. Some adults get frustrated watching a 9-month old and a distracted 13-year old may have experienced an unnecessary amount of frustration when dealing with a vociferous child. Rivera would go on to be tried as a youthful offender because of his age (OKC Boy, 2012).Columbine thrashingThese are just 2 of many local news stories that have a link to video games. However, vid eo games have made appearances in national news stories as well. The Columbine Massacre took place on April 20th, 1999 in Littleon, Colorado. Students Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris entered proceeded to shoot at other students and staff. The two students had originally planned to murder hundreds of students with a variety of guns, knives, and bombs (Rosenberg, n.d.). Twelve students, one teacher, and the two shooters were dead by the time the massacre was finally over (Rosenberg, n.d.).There are many theories, ranging from depression and bullying, that have been used to decipher what may have prompted the two shooters to carry out this massacre (Mears, 2007). One popular theory is that the video games the two shooters played may have in some way contributed to the actual massacre. The two shooters were reportedly avid players of the first-person shooter video game denominate (Saldana, 2012). The two even made custom levels and characters to share with other Doom players over the int ernet (Mears, 2007). In the Doom video game players assume the part of a single soldier who roams corridors and shoots at different space creatures with a number of different weapons (Ward, 2001). Doom is very similar to many violent video games of today coinciding with a military theme.Jerald Block (2007) has argued that a emergent restriction from access to the computer and subsequently the video games may have triggered the Columbine shooting (as cited in Mears, 2007). For instance, parents of Harris and Klebold may have suddenly taken away access to the computer, which may have sparked extreme anger in both and eventually resulted in the school shooting. While researching this area Block (2007) had found evidence that computer use was restricted at home and at school for Harris and Klebold, while threats and violent grew more with each restriction (as cited in Mears, 2007). Both Harris and Klebold were obsessed with the Doom video game and reacted violently when it was restrict ed. It is important to note that Block (2007) feels that the content in the video games is not what prompted the shooting (as cited in Mears, 2007). Both the computer and video game Doom were outlets for Harris and Klebold, without these outlets they proceeded to unleash their aggression on the real world (Mears, 2007).The video game Doom was subject to much controversy as a result of the Columbine shooting. The video game was highly scrutinized and it was noted that the shooters in the school shootings of Paducah, KY and Springfield, OR were also avid players (Sternheimer, 2007). Since the Columbine shooting, a superfluity of newspaper articles were released around the nation alleging that video games were the cause of the shootings (Sternheimer, 2007). Sternheimer (2007) argues that aggressive people have a high chance of buying violently content, but it is difficult to prove that violent content actually causes real life violence. It is difficult to prove causation in video game s and real world violence, only that the two exist together (Sternheimer, 2007). Sternheimer (2007) states that many news articles concerning video games and violence ignore other factors that might have played a part in the shootingsNews reports of the shootings that focus on video games ignore other research on the meanings that the audiences make from media culture. This may be because its qualitative findings are difficult to turn into dim-witted quotatio

Challenges Faced Rural Healthcare Facilities Health And Social Care Essay

Challenges Faced arcadian wellness bearing Facilities Health And Social bring off EssayTwenty-five percent of the total population in the United States be living in agricultural celestial orbits and compared with urban Ameri butt ends and wellness sympathize with facilities in hobnailed areas generally serve low-income, the elderly, and individuals who are little informed and arm with less knowledge concerning wellness safeguard prevention measures. Moreover, farming(prenominal) individuals accessing wellnesscare in boorish facilities face barriers to healthcare such as fewer doctors, infirmarys and health resources in generation and face difficulty in accessing health operate.Statement of the problemHospital closures and early(a) market changes agree adversely affected sylvan areas, leaving State and federal policy b separaters, and some opposites concerned about access to health care in countrified America. Considerable changes in the health care deliverance remains over the past decade have intensified the deprivation for new approaches to health care in agricultural areas. Managed care organizations, for example, whitethorn non be developed easily in rural areas, partly because of low population density.Research Questions The primary research dubiousness in this airfield is the question of whether rural health care facilities defeat the ongoing challenges to provide quality aesculapian care to their communities.Rationale of the ResearchThe rationale of this research is based upon the adjacent facts1.) rustic Healthcare and Barriers to Accessing Care Many small rural infirmarys have closed, while other health care supply of primary care physicians and other health care provider facilities are in financial straits. Unavailability of resources and transportation problems are barriers to access for rural populations.2.). The supply of primary care practitioners and other health care providers in rural areas is decreasing. Some are leaving rural areas to join managed care organizations elsewhere.3.) Barriers to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Goals for improving the Nations health over the next decade can be achieved only if rural populations are include in efforts to remove barriers to access and use of clinical safe function.4.) Barriers Related to Lack in Health Care technology. Technologies including telemedicine offer promise of improved access to health care, but their approximately efficient and effective applications need further evaluation.5.) Organizational Barriers of Service Provision to Vulnerable Rural Populations Low population density in rural areas makes it inherently difficult to deliver services that target persons with special health involve. Groups at particular risk include the elderly the poor people with HIV or AIDS the rest homeless mothers, children, and adolescents racial or ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities.6.) Consumer choice and the rural hospit al. Factors that drive changes in rural hospitals have a critical effect on consumer choice and access.Significance of the assumeThis study is significant in that individuals in rural areas are likely to continue to receive less healthcare as well as less effective healthcare if rural healthcare does not gain necessary knowledge, informed by research study as to what should be done to recrudesce deliver health care services to those in rural areas. This study is of significance to several groups including diligents depending on rural healthcare services, the families of these patients, the rural communities at great and the insurance companies who provide insurance coverage for individuals in rural areas.MethodologyThe methodology of the proposed research is one of a qualitative nature in which selective information will be gathered by survey/questionnaires of individuals, physicians and business in the rural conjunction at focus in the research in distinguish to asses wheth er the needs of the confederacy in terms of healthcare provision are being met. Data analysis will be both qualitative and vicenary in nature. After having administered and compiled data from the survey/questionnaires focus groups will be scheduled to gain further insight into the unmet needs of the community in health care services in needs assessment focus group discussions.Literature ReviewThe California Healthcare Foundation, in its Rural Health Care Delivery Connecting Communities through Technology report of December 2002 states Challenges facing rural health care include scarcity of local checkup resources and distance betwixt patients, physicians and facilities. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002) throw outmore, it is related in this report that there are insufficient numbers of primary care practitioners in rural areas. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002 paraphrased) In the instance where a patient is forced to travel from home to another area for accessing health care services resul ting is a range of difficulties including (1) time a focusing from work (2) additional expenses and (3) the complications of coordinate care in different locales. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002) This increases the chance the patient information will come up missing or incomplete and as well whitethorn result in care that is delayed or fragmented. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002) The physicians in rural areas as well as other health care providers experience nix impacts due to the low number of health care practitioners in rural areas as well as in the distance factor, which results in limitations on productivity, conference and ongoing education. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002) Research notes that there is more difficulty for the rural providers in communication with other providers of health care. There is much less in the way of opportunities to attend conferences and training due to the requirements of travel, which limits access to medical knowledge and research work. Lower efficiency res ults due to travel time involved in visit patients in hospitals and nursing homes as well as in fewer face-to-face visits, and more time on the telephone with other providers and with patients. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002)In a recent report relating to healthcare in rural India verbalise is that The number of patients is increasing exponentially each year, putting enormous pressure on healthcare delivery musical arrangements worldwide. Hospitals and specialists are concentrated in cities and are inaccessible to the rural poor. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd) This report relates that several physicians in India along with Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) and the largest IT company in India collaborated in the creation of WebHealthCentre.com which is stated to be a comprehensive healthcare portal like no other. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd) Offered are abundant health-related reference material, online medical consultation, online appointment scheduling, and online lab results for physicians. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd) The WebHealthCentre.com website was stated to have been created with the Microsoft.NET Framework, Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Web services and Microsoft SQL Server 2000. The requirements set out by the physicians in rural areas includedEase of use by a wide cross section of peopleCutting-edge yet cost-effective technologiesSimple log on by many different users and easy assignment of user rightsTight security to keep medical records confidentialStructured data capture for incoming data miningScalable to handle millions of users andExtensible to accommodate audio and video interface. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd)Benefits resulting from effectuation of this healthcare service delivery Network include meliorate access to healthcareBetter use of doctors timeRapid ontogeny, usabilityScalable to millions of patients andExtensibl e to new technologies. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd)Key features of WebHealthCentre.com are stated to include the questOnline, real-time medical consultation with remote healthcare professionals.PC or mobile-phone access to regional directories for hospitals, specialists, blood banks, medical appliance suppliers, and welfare agencies.An online appointment scheduler that enables patients to make appointments with participating physicians.An online lab report tool that helps diagnostic centers automate the process of uploading lab reports to the Web.Access to test results through mobile devices.Online access to electronic health records.Medical image upload services.Online sonogram viewing.A medical student resource center.Healthcare job listings.Online shopping for healthcare supplies. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd)The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) held an expert panel meeting to provide guidance on its new h ealth information technology on July 23-24 2003. The focus of AHRQ is the implementation and evaluation of technologies, which have been shown to be effective in small and rural communities. Secondly, the AHRQ has set its focus upon supporting advancement in the HIT field through implementation and evaluation support for innovation in technologies for use in diverse health care settings. (Expert display board Meeting Health instruction Technology Meeting Summary, 2003) The Meeting Summary reports that two general themes emerged from the discussion which are those of (1) Bringing people together and (2) Providing proficient assistance. (Expert Panel Meeting Health reading Technology Meeting Summary, 2003) Activities recommended for achieving their goals are those as followsSupport demonstration projects that involve HIT implementation and will lead to the creation of learning networks comprised of providers from various types of rural health care organizations.Create learning com munities that span geography collect and analyze the outcomes associated with participation.Once factors that facilitate learning communities and HIT implementation have been identified, lease CMS and other purchasers to define an appropriate reimbursement strategy.Incorporate evidence-based primary care guidelines with rural relevance into technological templates. Clinicians are likely to accept clinical guidelines offered by the Federal Government at no cost.Support local capacity development for HIT, including barrier analysis, education and other activities.Provide sustained technical assistance (Expert Panel Meeting Health information Technology Meeting Summary, 2003)Evaluation of the process in rural and small communities includes (1) scope of the project (2) goals (3) critical success factors and (4) technical assistance. (Expert Panel Meeting Health Information Technology Meeting Summary, 2003) Community grants have been focused on the provision of personal digital assistan t (PDA) systems in assisting with the decision support role. The initiative is stated to include (1) development of toolkits (2) leveraging known tools (3) developing capacity and (4) disseminating best bores. (Expert Panel Meeting Health Information Technology Meeting Summary, 2003)Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson report in the work entitled Supporting the Rural Health Care Safety Net (2000) state The policy and market-driven changes in the health care sector taking place across country are not confined to metropolitan areas. Rural communities are experiencing changes impelled by many of the same forces that are affecting urban areas. However, due to the demographical differences and other facts existent only in rural life the health care system can be differentiated from those in urban areas in various ways. According to Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, it is that difference that highlights the importance of giving consideration explicitly to the impact of warring forces and public policy developments on rural health care systems and the patients and communities they serve. (2000) The changes that are occurring in the health care sectors are resulting in many providers being jeopardize in both rural and urban areas however, health care provider failures in a rural area is likely to a much great impact as compared to health care provider failure in urban areas. Because alternative sources of care in the community or within conceivable proximity are scarce, each provider likely plays a critical part in maintaining access to health care in the community. For this reason, in most rural communities all providers should be considered part of the health care safety net if not directly through their care for vulnerable populations, then indirectly through their contribution to the stability of the communitys health care infrastructure. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) The study reported by Ormond, Wallin and Goldenson is based on effect studies in rural comm unities in the states of Alabama, Minnesota, Mississippi, Texas, and uppercase selected in representation of a broad range of pressures facing rural providers. (2000) A debate is stated to exist in terms of limited services models for hospitals who fear that more insured patients or those who are wealthier will be reluctant to use this facilities. Challenges to full-service facilities in rural areas include recruitment and retention of health care professionals and of ensuring the financial viability of local hospitals. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Also related is the fact that health care providers are very reluctant to locate in communities without a hospital while simultaneously when there is not a strong physician practice in an area, hospitals find it difficult to attract patients. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Constraints upon a rural hospital of either a full or limited service hospital include its rural localization principle. The population required to s upport given service, such as a hospital or particular physician practice is spread over a much greater area. Low volume can symbolise high average costs, a factor that rural health officials feel is not always taken into account in reimbursement. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Demographical and socioeconomic differences in rural areas places demands upon health care system providers in terms of the need for treatment for more elderly people which are those more likely to have inveterate health care needs. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Furthermore, due to the lack of access to mass and major media in rural areas, the individuals residing in these areas are much less likely than those in urban areas to be aware of the availability of health care and public programs. Insurance coverage in rural areas is also a factor because rural areas have higher self-employment than urban areas, and specifically relating to farming operations making it very likely the employer-spons ored insurance in minimal. Of those who are insured in rural areas, it is likely that many of these are under insured with high premiums and low benefits as compared to those insured in urban areas. The social structure of rural communities may make the stigma attached to participation in public programs greater, particularly in the case of Medicaid. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000)The range of services offered in rural hospitals is limited by the size of the area it serves as compared to the population within that area. Many of the hospitals in the study reported by Ormond, Wallin and Goldenson relied on a local primary care physician for core servicesbut augmented his or her capabilities by making arrangements with other, nonlocal providers. The core services each hospital offers depend primarily on the capabilities of their physicians. (2000) In indian lodge that a hospital be able to support a visiting specialist program it is a requirement that the hospital have the staff that is appropriate and qualified to assist in the various specialties and physicians be able to monitor recovery, as well as the necessary space and equipment for procedures. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) The rural hospital is not in the position to provision all the services needed within the community it serves and this makes a requirement of having a referral system of a reliable nature. Stated to be a mainstay of the safety net in rural areas just as is the case in urban areas is the community health center. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Another important provider of care in rural areas is the local health department. Another problem in rural areas is transportation for patients in that in rural areas there is oftentimes no public transportation. Internal strategies reported to be used by rural health care providers are inclusive of increasing the stock of physicians and other health professionals, tailoring facilities and services to the needs of the community , and expanding, downsizing, or diversifying as needed. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Other stated strategies are inclusive of cooperation among rural providers and developing links with urban providers through mergers, management contracts, and joint projects. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Initiatives have been developed for recruitment of physicians and other health professionals who are known with life and medical practice in rural areas. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Those who are recruited for practice in rural areas are likely to remain after recruitment. All five states in this study report that they provide support for the development of rural health professionals by requiring, facilitating, or funding training opportunities in rural areas so that students become familiar with the particular demands and satisfactions of rural medical practice, or by funding education either through scholarships for aspiring providers from rural areas or through loan blessing for providers agreeing to locate in rural areas. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Only the state of Washing is stated by this report to have a formal residency program. Service involution is reported to be utilized by rural hospitals and clinics for enabling them in meeting a broader range of health care needs in their communities. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Areas of magnification included (1) the construction or renovation of a physician plant (2) the addition of new medical services and (3) diversification beyond traditional bang-up services. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) In fact, growth and involution as compared to downsizing appeared to be the more common, and seemingly more successful, route. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Expansion is also noted in outpatient services offered by hospitals and clinics. Cooperative efforts among rural providers as these health care providers collaborate in order to ensure the capability of serving th eir communities will continue is noted in this report stating that cooperation with other rural providers is also a mainstay of rural hospitals strategy to ward off encroachment by urban health care systems. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000)The work of Rygh and Hjortdahl entitled Continuous and Integrated Health Care Services in Rural Areas A Literature Study makes a review of publications that examines possible methods of improving healthcare services in rural areas. Stated by these authors is the fact that Healthcare providers in rural areas face challenges in providing persistent and integrated services. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) This study proposes a need for greatly flexibility in traditional professional roles and responsibilities, such as nurse practitioners of community pharmacists managing common conditions. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) Further stated is that the substitution of health personnel with lay health workers or paraprofessionals often in combination with int erdisciplinary teams, is among measures proposed to alleviate staff shortage and overcome cultural barriers. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) Other findings of this study include that for those working in rural areas called for is flexibility of roles and responsibilities, delegation of tasks, and cultural adjustments by the healthcare practitioners. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) This study states that rural case management is greatly dependent upon a locally based case manager and that the highest ranked skills for rural case managers are the ability to be productive in the coordination of resources, multidimensional nursing skills, excellent communication skills, high-caliber computer skills and excellent driving skills. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) Stated is that Case management in a rural environs requires a much broader and generalist knowledge base, it covers all levels of prevention and transverses all age groups. Rural case management is a distinct specialty area of practice, with a distinct knowledge base and skills level, and nurses should be prepared at the advanced practice level. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) This study further relates that evidence exists of the success of collaboration at the interface between primary and secondary sectors may improve access, continuity of care and the quality of service delivery in rural areas. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) This study defines telemedicine as Medicine practiced at a distance therefore encompassing diagnosis, treatment and medical education. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) The state of Maine is stated to have a well-functioning telemedicine services system using telemedicine in a broad array of inter diligent videoconferencing applications, including mental health and psychiatry, diabetes management, primary care, pediatrics, genetics and dermatology. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) According to this review telemedicine has the potential to be a tool of a valuable nature in achievement of healthcare access in rural areas although the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine has yet to be documented. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007 paraphrased)The work entitled Providing Hospice and lenitive Care in Rural Frontier Areas states that the National Rural Health Association (NRHA) believes that all Americans are entitled to an equitable level of health and eudaemonia established through health care services, regardless of where they live. An important but often overlooked aspect of health and well-being is assurance of appropriate care and support when people are experiencing chronic, progressive illness and/or approaching the end of their lives. (Providing Hospice and alleviatory Care in Rural Frontier Areas, 2005) In order to study this area of service provision the method for defining and assessing needs is stated to be through a needs assessment to include recruitment of a group of members of the community for participation in identifying the needs and creating a method of assessing results. Data is gained fro m various sources an may include the followingDemographics of the community complaint statistics (county health department and state vital statistics division)List of health care organizations/agencies that provide related servicesA definition of unmet or under-met service needsIdentification of the unique characteristics that differentiate alleviator care and/or hospice services from other services in the communityVital statistics, including cause of death, age at death and location of deathLoss dataCommunity residents satisfaction with current hospice and/or palliative care services, obtained through interviews andCommunity members preferences about hospice and palliative care. (Providing Hospice and Palliative Care in Rural Frontier Areas, 2005)Recruitment of individuals in this type study are stated to includeCommunity residentsRepresentatives from other community service providers such as a librarian, store owners, chiropractor or dentistThe president of a fraternal organizati on, the Rotary Club, another service club or the Chamber of CommercePastors or leaders of local faith communitiesSomeone involved with the local food pantry or other emergency succor organizationAn influential local business person such as the feed store ownerA county extension staff person active in community events and volunteer workSomeone who organizes the towns annual parade, festival or other special eventsSomeone who works on civic clean-up and beautification andRepresentatives from other small organizations and entities in each of the countries the provider serves. (Providing Hospice and Palliative Care in Rural Frontier Areas, 2005)This study speaks of the creation of capacity building in expansion of the service provision and in meeting unmet or undermet needs in rural areas. Capacity building strategies include education and training of staff for skills development needed in broadening the services provided. Community education in establishing a broader understanding of what services and opportunities are available for care is also stated to be a strategy for capacity building as service utilization will be increased as well. Capacity building strategies as well are stated to include outreach strategies for development and sustaining partnerships and collaborations as well as in sustaining and supporting growth of expectations related to hospice and palliative care services. (Providing Hospice and Palliative Care in Rural Frontier Areas, 2005 paraphrased) Stated as practical examples of the training and education of staff and the philosophy used by rural providers in the creation and sustaining of program capacity are those as followsDevelopment and adoption of service performance parametersEducation of the board and/or local leaders in national trends such as palliative care, open access, managed care, chronic care management and the nursing shortageEstablishment of an ethics committee comprised of community members, hospital representatives, pall iative care and hospice program staff, and church members to review specific ethical considerations/cases and to address projects such as advance care planning and advance directives trade best practices in enhancing service definition and outreach pass support for local and offsite continuing staff education an subsidies for staff to pursue relevant credentialsOffering support for local and offsite continuing staff education and subsidies for staff to pursue relevant credentialsAppointing full-time or substantially part-time physicians and advanced practice nurses as soon as feasible and involving these individuals in professional and community outreachEstablishment of bridge programs and/or extended palliative home care meliorate/extended utilization of volunteers in meeting caregiving requirements. For hospices, this may include volunteer participation in providing continuous care as allowed by regulations andAs needed, referrals to other organizations. (Providing Hospice and Pal liative Care in Rural Frontier Areas, 2005)The work entitled Planting the Seeds for Improving Rural Health Care relates the Chronic Care type which portrays the essential involvement of the community, the design and function of the health care system and effective interaction between patients/families and their team of caregivers, producing optimal clinical outcomes. (2005) The following get into labeled figure 1 shows the Chronic Care ModelFigure 1Chronic Care ModelSource Planting the Seeds for Improving Rural Health Care (2005)Components of this program include the followingUse of a rapid-cycle method for implementing quality improvementsUse of a standard set of changes for teams to implement overlap a vision of the ideal system of care developed by clinical expertsMonthly reporting of process and outcome measurementsThree learning sessionsA final national forum during which teams attend sessions with expert faculty to share progress, best practices, and lessons learned. (Planti ng the Seeds for Improving Rural Health Care, 2005)The work entitled Practical Tips and Information Resources for Developing Collaborative Relationships among Rural Community Health Centers (CHCs) and Rural Hospitals asks the question of Why Collaborate? and answers this question by stating that collaboration strengthens community health infrastructure improves efficiency levels and provides joint economic advantage. Collaboration is stated to be a process through which parties who see different aspects of a problem can explore constructively their differences and search for (and implement) solutions that go beyond their limited vision of what is possible. (Taylor-Powell, et al., 1998) There are five levels of relationships in building collaborative interorgnaizational relationships around health issues in a rural community which are (1) networking (2) cooperating (3) coordination (4) coalitions and (5) collaboration. These five levels of relationships according to purpose, structu re and process are shown in the following Community Linkages- Choices and Decisions matrix.Figure 2Community Linkages Choices and DecisionsSource Practical Tips and Information Resources for Developing Collaborative Relationships Between Rural Community Health Centers (CHCs) and Rural Hospitals (2005)The following are examples of the ways that CHCs and hospital partnerships are able to collaborate. These initiatives may also be used by any rural hospital, CHC or primary care providerJoint training, recruitment, humans resources, and clinical directionShared case managersWorking together on disease collaborativesShared medical laboratoryPartnership establishment enables organizations in change for funding through grants for which they would not otherwise have been eligible to receive andShared electronic patient medical records systems (Practical Tips and Information Resources for Developing Collaborative Relationships Between Rural Community Health Centers (CHCs) and Rural Hospit als (2005)This study states findings that a number of activities specific to an individual site have the potential for wider replication. Those activities are stated to be as followsLocal foundations can support rural health-related activities namely physician recruitment and retention.Collaboration of CHCs, hospitals, nursing homes, and assisted care facilities in the same location can serve a large rural area and make efficient use of scarce resources namely physicians.Affiliation with a large regional hospital can be a positive experience that is supportive of community-based services.Collaboration may be a vehicle for expanding benefits to CHC patients namely as a result of the collaborative, a hospital utilizes the CHCs sliding fee scale for laboratory services provided to CHC patients.Case management for discharge planning and care coordination between the CHC, home health care agency, and the hospital can improve patient care.Electronic patient medical records systems that in tegrated the CHC and the hospital medical records are the key to future collaboration and the development of a comprehensive model of a health care system for the rural community. (Practical Tips and Information Resources for Developing Collaborative Relationships Between Rural Community Health Centers (CHCs) and Rural Hospitals (2005)There are important factors identified for organizing a successful collaboration which include (1)

Isolation in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay -- Essays Papers

Of Mice and Men IsolationJohn Steinbecks novel Of Mice and Men contains the haunting theme of isolation that captures the abused slight man of 1920s America. Through protrude the novel, it is shown that loneliness and isolation has a greater affect on us than may seem. Steinbecks characters experience different forms of isolation base on the specific prejudice contained within themselves. This theme is shown in Crooks and his isolation due to his race, Candy due to his age, and Curleys wife due to her quality as put to sleep bait. Candy, characterized as an old swamper, is victimized into isolation as a result of two main factors his basic disability and his age. Throughout the book we find the farmhands out bucking the barley while Candy is left behind to sweep and clean the ranch. We see the reason for isolation due to his lack of a hand which he lost after getting it caught in a piece of machinery. Candys age also adds to his isolation. Because Candy himself thinks that he is u seless he puts himself in a assure of mind that handicaps him more than his missing hand ever. He looks down on himself as an old worthless man thats wasting away his last some years. Candys character shows us that sometimes its not just other people that isolate us, but that in some fibers it is also ourselves.The most evident case of loneliness throughout the book is Curleys wife. No matter how hard she tried, she couldnt find attention. In response to her reputation for being a flirt none...

The Three Elements of the Female Athlete Triad Essay -- Athletics Wome

The Three Elements of the Female suspensor TriadFor an increasing number of women in the United States, a concern or preoccupation with body weight and size is a constant pressure. Female athletes, like most women in our society, are also ofttimes pressured to conform to certain ideal body sizes and shapes, as dictated by the entertainment and fashion industries. Female athletes, however, face a twofold pressure. They face the event that our culture places on all women to be thin, but they also face the burden from coaches, parents, and other athletes to succeed in sports and look good doing so by maintaining an unrealistically low weight. When weight gain means removal from a team or elimination from competition, many pistillate athletes turn to dangerous fare rampart and excessive exercise. This pressure to achieve or maintain unrealistically low body weight underlies the development of a syndrome recently named the Female Athlete Triad. First identified by the American Colleg e of Sports Medicine in 1992, the Female Athlete Triad consists of three medical disorders commonly found in female athletes disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Alone each disorder is dangerous in combination the triad disorders are potentially fatal.Eating Disorders in Female AthletesBefore evaluating the operable studies on the prevalence of disordered eating among female athletes, it is necessary to recognize the many limitations and problems that arise with such studies. First of all, there are a especial(a) number of studies on this segment of females and their eating patterns. Also, many of these studies rely on self-reporting surveys, which inherently may be flawed due to the fact that many athletes may deny disordered eating b... ...74-1475.Smith, A. (1996). The female athlete triad. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 24, 67.Weight gain does not increase bone density in women with eating disorders. (2000) internationalist Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 29-35. Wiita, B.G., Stombaugh, I.A. (1996). Nutritional knowledge, eating practices, and health of adolescent female runners a 3-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Sports Nutrition, 6, 414-425.Williams, N.I., Young, J.C., McArthur, J.W., Bullen, B., Skrinar, G.S., Turnbull, B. (1995). Strenuous exercise with caloric restriction effect on luteinizing hormone secretion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27, 1390-1398.Yeager, K., Agostini, R., Nattiiv, A., and Drinkwater, B. (1993). The female athlete triad Disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, 775-777.